Factors affecting the efficiency and productivity of cement kiln operations

Combination and combinability – combination of the raw materials into the clinker minerals:

(a) Thermodynamics
(b) Calcination of CaCO3
(c) Zur Strassen theories
(d) Raw material mineralogical effects
(e) Intermediate combination products
(f) Inhibitors
(g) Fluxes & mineralisers Cyclic phenomena:

(a) Mechanism
(b) Hot mineral interactions
(c) Internal & external cycles

Factors affecting clinker product quality

(a)  Phase Equilibria:
(b) CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 ternary system
(c) Deviation from Bogue mineralogy
(d) Crystal forms & polymorphs
(e) Combustion & reduction

Factors affecting safety and emissions to the environment

(a) Dust
(b) CO and THCs
(c) Acid Gases
(d) Heavy Metals
(e) Dioxins & Furans
(f) Heavy Metals