Brick Calculator for Kilns: Free Excel & Guide

The brick calculator for the rotary kiln lining is the engineer’s tool for answering the most asked question of every refractory campaign: how many bricks do we need for this kiln, this zone and this lining thickness? The answer comes from the geometry of the kiln and the geometry of the brick: the kiln is a cylinder of a known internal diameter and a known lining length, each ring of the lining is a circle of bricks laid side by side, and the wedge brick is shaped so that the bricks of a ring together form the complete circle with the joints closed. The brick calculator computes the number of bricks per ring, the number of rings over the lining length and the total quantity per zone, with the corrections for the expansion joints, the closing bricks and the breakage allowance, and it converts the quantity into the weight, the pallets and the cost of the campaign.

The Complete Cement Technical Package (931 files including the brick calculator spreadsheet of cementequipment.org, engineering tools, books, courses and presentations, $249.99 one-time, instant download) includes the calculator workbook with its input fields for the kiln diameter, the zone lengths, the brick sizes and the joint factors, and its output fields for the bricks per ring, the rings per zone and the total quantities. This article explains the complete method of the brick quantity calculation: the geometry of the kiln lining, the brick shapes and the sizes, the wedge brick mathematics, the number of bricks per ring, the lining length and the ring count, the expansion joints and the allowances, the zone-based calculation of a full kiln, the weight and the cost conversion, the worked examples, the common mistakes and the practice of the refractory campaign planning.

1. The Geometry of the Kiln Lining: The Cylinder of the Bricks

The refractory lining of a rotary kiln is a cylindrical shell of bricks laid on the inside of the kiln shell, and the calculation of the brick quantity begins with the geometry of that shell. The kiln has an internal diameter, the diameter of the shell, and the lining has a thickness, so the inside diameter of the lined kiln is the shell internal diameter minus twice the lining thickness. The bricks are laid in rings, the rings are stacked along the kiln length, and each ring is a full circle of bricks whose inner surface forms the process-side diameter.

D lined = D shell – 2 x t lining

where D lined is the inside diameter of the lining, D shell the internal diameter of the steel shell and t lining the lining thickness. A kiln shell of 4.8 m internal diameter with a lining thickness of 220 mm in the burning zone has a lined diameter of 4.36 m, and the bricks of each ring are laid on the circle of that diameter. The radius of the lining circle is the number that the wedge brick mathematics uses, because the bricks of a ring must conform to the curvature of that circle.

• The shell internal diameter: the datum of the calculation, taken from the kiln drawings or the measured shell, typically 3.5–6.0 m for the modern cement kilns;
• The lining thickness: the radial thickness of the brick, 200–250 mm in the burning zone, 180–200 mm in the transition zones and 100–180 mm in the preheating and the calcining zones;
• The lined diameter: the process-side diameter that the material and the gas see, the diameter that determines the kiln’s operating volume and the ring brick count;
• The ring plane: the cross-section of the lining at any point along the kiln, the circle on which the bricks of one ring are laid;

The kiln diameter changes along the length: the shell may taper at the inlet and the outlet, and the lining thickness changes at the zone boundaries, so the lined diameter is computed zone by zone. The brick calculator carries the zone structure of the kiln, and each zone is calculated on its own lined diameter and its own lining length.

2. The Brick Shapes and the Sizes: The Standard Dimensions

The refractory bricks of the kiln lining come in two broad shape families: the straight bricks and the arch bricks, and within the arch family the wedge and the tapered shapes. The straight brick is a rectangular prism used in the flat linings and the large-radius kilns; the arch brick has the tapered cross-section that conforms to the circle; and the wedge brick is the modern standard of the kiln lining, with the taper across the length or the width to match the kiln curvature.

The standard brick sizes of the kiln linings (typical dimensions in mm)

Brick type	Length	Width (face)	Thickness	Typical use
Standard wedge	198–200	100–120	180–250	Burning and transition zones
Combination wedge	198–200	100–120	200–220	Burning zone, mortarless
Universal wedge	198–200	90–100	180–200	Preheating and calcining zones
Straight brick	198–200	100–120	180–250	Large radii, flat areas
Arch brick (sizes A, B, C)	198–200	100–120	180–250	Classic arched linings

The brick dimensions are standardized across the industry: the length is the dimension along the kiln axis, the width is the dimension in the circumferential direction of the ring face, and the thickness is the radial dimension of the lining. The wedge taper is expressed as the difference between the wide and the narrow face of the brick, the so-called wedge number or the taper of the brick, and it is the taper that the brick mathematics uses to compute the ring capacity.

3. The Wedge Brick Mathematics: The Geometry of the Taper

The wedge brick is the key to the ring construction: the brick is narrower on its inner face than on its outer face, and when the bricks of a ring are laid side by side, the sum of the tapers closes the full 360 degrees of the circle. The mathematics of the wedge brick follows from the similarity of the arc lengths: the inner face of the brick subtends the same angle of the circle as its outer face, and the ratio of the face widths equals the ratio of the corresponding radii.

Inner width / Outer width = Inner radius / Outer radius

where the inner radius is the lined diameter radius and the outer radius is the radius to the shell. The angle that each brick subtends at the center of the kiln is the inner face width divided by the inner radius, and the number of bricks per ring is the full 360 degrees divided by the angle per brick:

N bricks per ring = 2 x pi x R inner / W inner

where R inner is the inner radius of the lining and W inner the inner face width of the brick. For the example kiln with the lined diameter of 4.36 m, the inner radius is 2.18 m, and with the standard wedge brick of 103 mm inner face width, the number of bricks per ring is about 133, which the calculation rounds to the practical count with the joint adjustments.

• The taper condition: the wedge brick of a ring is correctly sized when the ratio of the inner to the outer face widths equals the ratio of the inner to the outer radii; the mismatch leaves the joints open on one face;
• The wedge size selection: the brick manufacturers supply the wedge tapers matched to the kiln diameter ranges, and the calculator checks the taper against the kiln radius;
• The angle per brick: the central angle of each brick, typically 2.5–3.0 degrees for the standard kiln bricks, giving the 120–145 bricks per ring of the large kilns;
• The closing brick: the last brick of the ring is the closure, cut to the residual angle with the tolerance for the joints, and the allowance for it is part of the ring calculation;

The wedge mathematics is also the verification of the brick selection: if the calculated number of bricks per ring is not an integer, the difference is absorbed by the joints, the closing brick and the mortar, and the calculator flags the ring count so the bricklayer knows the closure position before the work starts.

4. The Number of Bricks per Ring: The Worked Math

The number of bricks per ring is computed from the lined diameter and the brick face width, and the practical calculation includes the joint allowance. The bricks of a ring are not laid tight: the dry-laid combination wedges carry the thin joint of 0–1 mm and the mortar-laid bricks carry the joint of 1–3 mm, and the sum of the joints around the ring is a real part of the circumference.

N = pi x D lined / (W inner + j)

where j is the joint allowance per brick. For the example kiln with the lined diameter of 4.36 m and the brick inner face of 103 mm with a 2 mm joint, the ring count computes to about 130 bricks, and the practical ring uses 128–132 bricks depending on the exact brick width and the closure. The calculator applies the same formula per zone, because the lined diameter changes with the lining thickness: the thicker burning zone lining gives the smaller lined diameter and the different ring count from the thinner preheating zone lining at the same shell diameter.

Illustrative ring counts for a 4.8 m shell kiln (bricks per ring)

Zone	Lining thickness	Lined diameter	Bricks per ring
Burning zone	220 mm	4.36 m	~128–133
Upper transition zone	200 mm	4.40 m	~130–134
Lower transition zone	200 mm	4.40 m	~130–134
Calcining zone	180 mm	4.44 m	~131–136
Preheating zone	150 mm	4.50 m	~133–137
Kiln inlet area	125 mm	4.55 m	~134–139

The ring count is the unit of the whole calculation: the rings are multiplied by the number of rings in each zone, and the zones are summed into the total kiln quantity. The ring count is also the quality datum of the bricklaying: the bricklayer who starts a ring with the correct count finishes with the correct closure, and the ring count check is the first QC step of every relining.

5. The Lining Length and the Ring Count per Zone

The number of rings in a zone is the zone length divided by the brick length, the dimension of the brick along the kiln axis. The standard brick length is 198–200 mm, and with the 2 mm of the ring-to-ring allowance the effective pitch is about 200–202 mm, so the rings per meter of the lining length is about 4.9–5.0. The zone lengths of the kiln lining follow the kiln design and the refractory scheme of the plant, and the calculator carries the zone table.

N rings per zone = L zone / (L brick + j axial)

For a burning zone of 14 m with the 200 mm brick, the ring count is about 70 rings, and with the 130 bricks per ring the burning zone requires about 9,100 bricks. The total kiln quantity is the sum of the zone quantities, and the calculation is repeated for every zone of the lining scheme.

• The burning zone: the 12–16 m of the kiln length at the discharge end, the zone of the highest temperature, the basic bricks and the thickest lining;
• The upper and the lower transition zones: the 6–12 m on either side of the burning zone, the high-alumina and the basic bricks, the zones of the coating instability;
• The calcining zone: the 10–20 m in the middle of the kiln, the alumina bricks of the 60–70% alumina class;
• The preheating zone: the 15–30 m toward the kiln inlet, the abrasion-resistant bricks and the chains area;
• The kiln inlet and the nose ring: the short sections at the ends, the castables and the special shapes, calculated separately from the standard bricks;

The zone structure of the lining is the structure of the calculation: each zone has its brick type, its lining thickness, its lined diameter, its brick face width and its length, and the zone totals are summed into the campaign quantity. The calculator’s zone sheet mirrors the plant’s refractory scheme, and the scheme itself is the subject of the package’s lining concept workbooks.

6. The Expansion Joints and the Allowances

The refractory lining operates at temperatures of 1,000–1,500°C, and the bricks expand with the heat: the thermal expansion of the basic bricks reaches 1.2–1.6% at the operating temperature, and the lining is laid with the expansion allowance that accommodates it. The allowance is provided by the expansion joints between the bricks, the thin cardboard inserts or the gaps that the calcined joints leave, and by the small clearances at the ring closures.

• The expansion joint positions: the joints distributed around the ring and between the rings, with the cardboard or the corrugated inserts of 1–3 mm at the calculated spacing;
• The ring closure clearance: the small gap left at the closure brick that closes when the lining heats up, protecting the ring from the compression failure;
• The axial allowance: the total axial expansion of the lining over the kiln length, released at the anchor and the dam positions;
• The cardboard types: the rigid and the semi-rigid boards, the 1–3 mm thicknesses and the temperature ratings that match the brick classes;
• The expansion calculation: the expansion of the zone = the zone length times the thermal expansion coefficient times the temperature rise, and the joint spacing follows;

The quantity calculation includes the allowance materials separately from the bricks: the cardboard, the mortar (for the mortar-laid zones), the sealants and the closing pieces are budgeted in their own lines, and the calculator carries them so the campaign order is complete. The most common relining failure, the brick end-spalling and the shell hot spots after the start-up, is usually the failure of the expansion allowance, which is why the allowance is a calculation, not a habit.

7. The Brick Quantity of the Whole Kiln: The Full Campaign Calculation

The full kiln campaign quantity is the sum of the zone quantities with the allowances and the losses. The zone quantity is the ring count times the bricks per ring, the allowances add the expansion materials and the special shapes, and the loss allowance covers the breakage during the transport, the handling and the installation: the standard practice adds 2–5% to the computed quantity, with the higher figure for the basic bricks and the complex zones.

Q zone = N rings x N bricks per ring

Q campaign = (1 + loss allowance) x sum of the zone quantities + special shapes

For the example kiln with the lining scheme of this article, the zone quantities compute to approximately: the burning zone 14 m at 9,100 bricks, the two transition zones 18 m total at 11,700 bricks, the calcining zone 16 m at 10,400 bricks, the preheating zone 22 m at 14,600 bricks and the inlet section with the castables, for a total of about 45,800 bricks plus the 3% loss allowance, about 47,200 bricks for the full kiln relining.

Illustrative full kiln brick quantity for the 5,000 t/d kiln

Zone	Length	Rings	Bricks/ring	Bricks
Burning zone	14 m	70	130	9,100
Upper transition	9 m	45	131	5,895
Lower transition	9 m	45	131	5,895
Calcining zone	16 m	80	133	10,640
Preheating zone	22 m	110	135	14,850
Total bricks	70 m	350	—	46,380
Loss allowance 3%	—	—	—	1,391
Campaign total	—	—	—	47,771

The campaign quantity is the order quantity, and the order also includes the mortars, the cardboards, the castables of the inlet and the nose, and the tools, but the brick quantity is the heart of the order: it defines the weight, the transport, the storage and the cost, and it is the number that the calculator delivers at the end of the sheet.

8. The Weight, the Pallets and the Cost of the Campaign

The brick quantity converts into the weight, the pallets and the cost through the brick density and the brick mass. The bulk density of the kiln bricks runs from 2.8–3.2 kg/dm3 for the magnesia spinel bricks to 2.2–3.0 kg/dm3 for the alumina bricks, and the brick mass is the volume of the brick times the density: a standard wedge brick of 200 x 103 mm faces and 220 mm thickness has a volume of about 4.5 dm3, and at 3.0 kg/dm3 weighs about 13.5 kg.

• The brick weight: the volume times the density, with the average brick of the burning zone weighing 12–15 kg and the lighter zone bricks 8–12 kg;
• The campaign weight: the total tonnage of the relining, for the example kiln about 550–600 tonnes of the bricks for the full kiln, a significant logistics exercise;
• The pallet count: the bricks delivered on the pallets of 25–40 bricks, the pallet weight limited by the handling equipment and the trucking;
• The transport and the storage: the bricks shipped with the protection from the moisture, stored dry and warm for the basic bricks, and the delivery scheduled to the zone sequence;
• The campaign cost: the brick cost, typically $500–$1,500 per tonne depending on the brick class, plus the installation labor of the relining crew, plus the kiln downtime value;

The campaign cost is the largest maintenance expenditure of the kiln, and the calculator’s conversion to the weight and the cost allows the plant to budget the relining and to compare the brick offers on the same quantity basis. The same conversion is used in the financial model of the package, where the refractory cost per tonne of clinker feeds the OPEX sheet.

9. The Worked Example: The Burning Zone Ring in Detail

To make the wedge mathematics concrete, work the burning zone ring in detail. The kiln shell internal diameter is 4.8 m, the burning zone lining thickness is 220 mm, and the lined diameter is 4.36 m with the inner radius of 2.18 m. The selected brick is the standard combination wedge of 200 mm length, 103 mm inner face width, 125 mm outer face width and 220 mm thickness, with the taper that matches the kiln radius.

The check of the taper: the outer radius of the lining is the inner radius plus the thickness, 2.18 m plus 0.22 m equals 2.40 m, and the ratio of the radii is 2.18 / 2.40 equals 0.908, which the brick’s width ratio of 103 / 125 equals 0.824 matches only approximately, so the practical ring adds the joint or selects the combination wedge whose taper matches the radius exactly. The ring count with the 2 mm joint: pi times 4.36 m divided by 0.105 m equals about 130.4, so the ring is laid with 130 bricks and a closure brick that absorbs the 0.4 brick residual, about 4 degrees of arc, cut to fit.

• The combination wedge: the brick with the standard width and the standard taper that closes the ring without the mortar, the modern standard of the burning zone;
• The ring closure: the last 3–5 bricks of the ring fitted dry with the closure measured and cut, the critical step of the ring quality;
• The ring sequence: the rings laid from the anchors toward the closure, with the axial compression built by the ring shims where the design requires;
• The QC of the ring: the ring count checked, the inner surface swept, the shell contact verified with the feeler gauges and the joints spot-checked;

The worked example shows the complete method: the geometry, the taper check, the ring count and the closure, and the same steps are applied to every ring of the campaign. The calculator carries the example as its demonstration sheet, so the user verifies the tool against the hand calculation before the first real input.

10. The Calculation for the Other Linings: The Preheater, the Cooler and the Kiln Hood

The brick quantity calculation extends beyond the kiln shell to the rest of the pyro system: the preheater cyclones and the riser ducts, the calciner, the kiln hood, the cooler walls and the tertiary air duct, each with its own geometry and its own brick or castable scheme. The preheater and the calciner are lined with the castables and the precast shapes in the modern designs, with the brick used in the ducts and the lower cyclones, and the cooler walls with the brick and the castable composite linings.

• The preheater cyclones: the cyclones lined with the wear-resistant castables and the brick in the cone sections, the quantities from the surface areas and the lining thicknesses;
• The riser ducts: the vertical ducts lined with the brick in the lower sections and the castables above, with the expansion allowances at the anchors;
• The calciner: the cylindrical vessel with the brick in the combustion section and the castable in the upper zones;
• The kiln hood: the hood sides and the roof lined with the precast shapes and the castables, with the brick in the hot face areas;
• The cooler: the side walls and the roof of the cooler with the abrasion-resistant brick and the castables, and the clinker impact zones with the heavy-duty shapes;

The non-cylindrical areas are calculated from the surface areas: the area of the wall times the lining thickness gives the volume, and the volume divided by the unit volume of the brick or the castable gives the quantity. The calculator carries the surface-area method for the non-cylindrical items and the ring method for the cylinders, and the campaign sheet sums the whole pyro system into the single order.

11. The Use of the Brick Calculator in the Campaign Planning

The brick calculator is a planning instrument as much as a calculation tool: the campaign quantity drives the order timing, the delivery schedule, the storage planning, the relining crew planning and the downtime budgeting. The campaign planning sequence of the plant is the same sequence as the calculator’s sheets: the lining scheme is fixed, the quantities are computed, the order is placed with the lead time of 8–16 weeks, the delivery is scheduled to the zone sequence, and the relining is executed with the QC of the ring counts.

• The order lead time: the brick delivery cycles of 2–4 months for the standard bricks and longer for the special shapes, driving the order date from the planned shutdown;
• The delivery sequence: the bricks delivered in the pallets labeled by the zone, so the crew installs the zones in the planned order without the re-handling;
• The storage conditions: the bricks stored off the ground, covered and dry, with the basic bricks protected from the hydration; the moisture is the enemy of the magnesia bricks;
• The crew planning: the relining crew of 15–30 bricklayers with the ring installation rates of 2–4 rings per shift per crew, defining the downtime of 8–14 days for the full kiln;
• The cost and the budget: the campaign cost from the quantity, the prices and the labor, entered into the plant’s maintenance budget and the financial model;

The calculator’s output sheet is the order sheet: the zone, the brick type, the quantity, the weight and the pallets, ready for the purchasing department. The same sheet is the record of the campaign, and the actual consumption at the end of the relining is compared with the calculated quantity, closing the learning loop of the plant’s refractory practice.

12. The Lining Scheme and the Brick Selection

The quantity calculation presumes the lining scheme: the choice of the brick classes and the thicknesses per zone, the scheme that the plant’s refractory engineering establishes from the process conditions. The burning zone runs the magnesia-spinel and the magnesia-chrome bricks at 1,300–1,500°C with the thickest lining, the transition zones the semi-basic and the high-alumina bricks with the coating instability, the calcining zone the 60–70% alumina bricks, and the preheating zone the abrasion-resistant bricks in the chain area.

Typical lining scheme of a modern dry process kiln

Zone	Brick class	Thickness	Service life target
Burning zone	Magnesia-spinel, combination wedge	220–250 mm	8–14 months
Upper and lower transition	Magnesia-spinel / high alumina 70%	200–220 mm	8–18 months
Calcining zone	Alumina 60–70%	180–200 mm	18–36 months
Preheating zone	Alumina 40–60%, abrasion-resistant	125–180 mm	36–72 months

The brick selection is the balance of the refractoriness, the thermal conductivity, the coating adherence, the abrasion resistance and the cost, and the package’s lining concept and refractory workbooks carry the detailed selection guidance. The quantity calculation is the last step of the selection: the scheme is defined, the quantities are computed and the campaign is costed, and the cost comparison of the alternative schemes is one of the calculator’s uses.

13. The Common Mistakes in the Brick Quantity Calculation

The classic errors of the brick calculation are the ones that the calculator prevents by structure. The first is the diameter confusion: using the shell diameter instead of the lined diameter, overstating the ring count by 4–10% because the larger circle needs the more bricks. The second is the brick face confusion: using the outer face width instead of the inner face width, understating the ring count and ordering too few bricks for the ring closure.

• The thickness error: the lining thickness entered as the nominal instead of the actual, with the castable backup and the pre-cast shapes changing the lined diameter;
• The joint neglect: the ring count computed without the joints, leaving the closure impossible without the excessive cutting;
• The zone mix-up: the brick types and the face widths mixed between the zones, corrupting the zone quantities and the order;
• The loss omission: the breakage allowance forgotten, and the campaign running short of the burning zone bricks with the kiln stopped, the most expensive error of the list;
• The taper mismatch: the brick taper that does not match the kiln radius, the joints opened on the hot face and the ring quality lost;

The checks of the calculator are the ring count sanity check against the kiln diameter, the taper check against the radii ratio, the zone total against the kiln length and the loss allowance line, and the comparison of the computed quantity with the previous campaign’s actual consumption. The engineer who respects the checks orders the right bricks the first time, and the campaign proceeds without the emergency orders that mark the unplanned relinings.

14. The Brick Calculator and the Refractory Management of the Plant

The brick calculator is one instrument of the plant’s refractory management, which covers the whole life of the lining: the brick selection, the quantity calculation, the installation quality, the operation and the monitoring, and the wear-based relining decisions. The package’s refractory tools cover the other instruments: the kiln inspection and the shell temperature monitoring, the lining chart and the refractory condition assessment, and the burning zone management that protects the lining through the coating control.

• The installation quality: the ring counts, the expansion allowances and the closure quality checked during the relining, because the best bricks fail in the badly laid ring;
• The operation monitoring: the shell temperature scanning and the coating control, the daily protection of the lining investment;
• The wear assessment: the shell temperature trends and the inspection data that estimate the remaining life zone by zone;
• The relining decision: the planned relining of the zones at their life limits versus the emergency repair, the difference between the $500,000 and the $5,000,000 kiln events;
• The campaign learning: the actual consumption and the life of each zone recorded and compared with the calculation, improving the next scheme and the next quantity;

The refractory management of the plant is the discipline that the quantity calculation serves: the campaign is planned, ordered, installed, operated and learned from, and the calculator is the tool that turns the lining scheme into the concrete order. The same discipline feeds the financial model, where the refractory cost per tonne of clinker and the kiln availability are the lines that the campaign determines.

15. Frequently Asked Questions

How many bricks are in one ring of a cement kiln?

A ring of a large cement kiln takes 120–140 bricks: the count is pi times the lined diameter divided by the inner face width plus the joint. For a 4.8 m shell with a 220 mm lining and the standard 103 mm bricks, the ring is about 130 bricks.

How do I calculate the number of bricks per ring?

The number is the circumference of the lined circle divided by the brick pitch: N = pi x (shell diameter minus twice the lining thickness) divided by (inner face width plus the joint). The ring count is then adjusted for the closure brick and the expansion joints.

What is the wedge brick and why is it wedge-shaped?

The wedge brick is narrower on the inner face than on the outer face, so that the bricks of a ring together close the full 360 degrees with the inner faces forming the lined circle. The taper ratio must match the ratio of the inner to the outer radii of the lining.

How many bricks does a full kiln relining need?

A 5,000 t/d kiln with a 74 m lining takes roughly 46,000–48,000 bricks including the zones and the 3% loss allowance, weighing 550–600 tonnes. The exact figure follows the zone lengths, the lining thicknesses and the brick sizes.

What is the loss allowance in the brick order?

The standard practice adds 2–5% to the computed quantity for the transport, the handling and the installation breakage, with the higher figure for the basic bricks and the complex zones. The allowance is the insurance against the emergency orders with the kiln stopped.

Does the calculator cover the preheater and the cooler linings?

Yes: the cylindrical sections use the ring method and the non-cylindrical walls use the surface-area method, and the campaign sheet sums the kiln, the preheater, the calciner, the hood and the cooler into the single order quantity.

16. Conclusion and Summary

The brick calculator of the rotary kiln lining is the geometry of the cylinder and the wedge applied to the refractory campaign: the lined diameter follows from the shell and the lining thickness, the wedge brick’s taper closes the circle, the ring count is the circumference over the brick pitch, the ring count times the zone length gives the zone quantity, and the zones with the loss allowance sum into the campaign order of the weight, the pallets and the cost.

The calculator workbook of cementequipment.org carries the input fields for the kiln dimensions and the brick sizes and the output fields for the ring counts and the quantities, exactly as the worked examples of this article demonstrate, and it is part of the Complete Cement Technical Package’s refractory toolkit together with the lining charts, the kiln inspection tools and the refractory management workbooks. The engineer who masters the brick mathematics orders the right quantity the first time, plans the campaign with the confidence of the complete order, and protects the kiln’s availability, the largest value of the whole refractory discipline: the ring count, the zone total and the campaign number, computed before the kiln stops, not after.

This file is part of the Complete Cement Technical Package (931 files) available from cementequipment.org. Respective rights holders; library copy for the licensed single user.