Clinker Vs Kiln Feed Factor: Complete Technical Guide

The clinker vs kiln feed factor is the most quoted ratio of the cement pyroprocess: the number of tonnes of the raw meal it takes to make one tonne of clinker: the factor of about 1.55: the chemistry of the limestone: the loss on ignition: the CO2 of a tonne of the meal leaves the kiln up the tower, and the clinker that exits the cooler is the survivor: the feed factor is the bridge between the belt scales of the kiln feed and the tons of the clinker sale: every production report, every kiln balance, every monthly clinker number of the plant rides on this one ratio.

The Complete Cement Technical Package (931 files including the Excel tools, the books, the courses and the presentations: $249.99 one-time: instant download via the PayPal payment) includes this clinker vs kiln feed converter workbook with its input cells, its moisture handling and its factor sheet: the engineer enters the feed flows, the LOI, the dust and receives the clinker equivalent of the plant in seconds: this article walks the file: the chemistry of the factor, the formulas, the examples and the plant practice: the reader finishes with the mastery of the number his kiln lives by.

Why dedicate a whole tool to one ratio: because the ratio is the pivot of the plant’s accounting: the kiln reports its production in tonnes of clinker, the raw mill reports in tonnes of meal, the quarry in tonnes of rock: three quantities, one factor between them: the plant that uses a wrong factor (a factor from the neighbor plant, from the old quarry, from the teen of the estimator) harvests the phantom over- or under-production: the target of the weekly meeting, the budget of the year: the workbook of this package puts the honest factor of the plant’s own LOI and its own dust return to the screen: this page shows exactly how the workbook reads it.

1. The Factor and its Meaning: The One Number of the Pyro Line

The clinker to kiln feed factor is defined with the simple ratio:

Factor = Dry kiln feed (t) / Clinker produced (t)

over the same period: the factor of 1.60 says: every tonne of clinker has required 1.60 tonnes of the dry raw meal: the inverse of the factor (the classic 0.625 t of clinker per tonne of the feed) is the same story told backwards: the two forms are used in every cement plant and the workbook carries both, so that the engineer reads whichever the local culture prefers.

The chemistry behind the factor is the decarbonation: the limestone of the meal (the CaCO3, the calcite) decomposes in the preheater at 700–900 °C into the CaO and the CO2: the 100 kg of CaCO3 lose 44 kg of the CO2 and keep 56 kg of the CaO: a dry raw meal with the LOI of 35% loses about 350 kg of its mass as the CO2 and the small water: the remaining 650 kg approximate the clinker: thus the factor around 1.55–1.60: the same number that the LOI predicts: the constant of the chemistry, translated into the belt scale of the counts.

2. The Loss on Ignition: The Master Input of the Factor

The workbook’s central input is the loss on ignition (LOI) of the kiln feed, and the entire factor rests on it: the LOI is measured in the laboratory by the ignition of the dried sample at 950–1,000 °C to the constant weight:

• The measurement: the dry meal sample (2 g typical) is ignited to the constant mass, and the mass difference divided by the original dried mass is the LOI in %: the value of a normal dry process meal: 34–37%, most of it the carbonate CO2:
• The composition of the LOI: roughly 93–97% of the LOI is the CO2 of the carbonates (the calcite, the small dolomite), the remainder the organic carbon of the fuel of the composition and the combined water of the clay minerals:
• The link to the factor: the theoretical factor without the dust losses is 100/(100 − LOI): with LOI 35% the factor is 100/65 = 1.538; with LOI 34.5% it is ~1.527: the sensitivity: a change of 0.5% LOI moves the factor by about 0.01–0.015: the small LOI drift of the quarry blends shows up in the factor, exactly why the workbook is fed with the measured LOI, not the archive:

An honest warning the workbook marks: the LOI of the sample must be the LOI of the kiln feed at the weigh scale: the meal sample drawn from the wrong place (the raw meal silo after the calcination of the fall dust return) carries a lower LOI and returns the factor wrong by the percentage of the dust: the sampling point of the LOI is the first row of the input sheet, and the sheet colors the row so that every report names the sample point: the discipline of the dry measurement is the discipline of the number.

The method of the LOI itself matters: the ignition at 950-1,000 °C to the constant weight, the procedures of the standard reference: the laboratory that shortens the ignition time underestimates the LOI, and the underestimates mislead the expected clinker: the workbook’s check row back-calculates the implied LOI from the realized factor and compares the two: they must agree within about 0.2-0.3 absolute percentage points: the mismatch is the earliest signal of the laboratory error or the fugitive dust, and both are investigated the same day: the factor, the honest supervisor of the laboratory itself.

3. The Family of the Factors: The Dry, the Wet and the Dust

The word “factor” on the plant is used in three dialects, and the workbook presents all three side by side so that the engineer never mixes the frames:

• The dry factor (no moisture): the ratio of the dry meal to the dry clinker: the most fundamental, driven by the LOI only: the factor 1.54–1.65 for the standard dry meals: the number the LOI predicts;
• The wet factor (with the meal moisture): the ratio of the wet feed (the kiln feed with its 0.3–1% moisture) to the clinker: the numbers higher by the moisture percentage: for the feed at 0.8% H2O the wet factor is about 1.6–3% larger than the dry factor: the wet factor is the number read at the belt scale, and it is the number the operators use in the shift:
• The industrial factor with the dust accounting: the full account: the feed as weighed (the wet, with the spills and the sampling removals), the dust returned and the bypass deducted, the clinker weighed at the cooler or the storage: this factor is the historical average of the week, and it drifts with the process conditions: it is the factor of the stock and the budget, not of the chemistry:

The mixing of the three is the classic of the confusion: the report that quotes the wet factor against the budget computed on the dry one invents a phantom loss of 1–3%: the workbook forces the flag of the basis on every sheet, and the summary prints the three numbers always together: the engineers of the plant learn to say – and to write – “the dry factor of 1.56”, “the wet factor of 1.58”: the discipline that saves the billions of the closed buildings through the decades.

4. The Inputs of the Workbook: What the Engineer Enters

The converter sheet of the package collects a compact set of inputs, the same set the operators have at the board:

• The kiln feed flow: the tonnes per hour or per day of the meal at the kiln inlet: the belt scale of the feed: the base line of the whole sheet;
• The feed moisture: the % of the moisture of the kiln feed at the scale: the daily sample of the bed: for the dry process 0.3–1.5%, the value read on the day of the report;
• The LOI of the kiln feed: the daily XRF/ignition result of the sample: the driver of the conversion:
• The dust return and the bypass: the returned cyclone dust to the meal system (kg/h or the %) and the bypass ratio with its dust recovery: the two flows reduce the net conversion of the feed to the clinker:
• The clinker production: the actual clinker of the weighbridge or the silo inventory change (the period): the closing number of the week:

The outputs follow automatically: the dry feed equivalent, the theoretical factor from the LOI, the realized factor from the production, the difference (the loop of the reconciliation) and the summary of the period: the paint of the workbook: the reliability of the numbers of the plant—the so-called sanity, all from the five inputs: the engineer enters the five rows and holds the whole clerical report of the kiln in one screen.

5. The Numbers of the Industry: The Family Values of the Reference

The reference values that the workbook carries (from the documented industrial practice, no exotic claims) give the engineer the dimension of the factor:

• The modern dry process with the 5-stage cyclone tower: the dry feed factor 1.52–1.60, driven by the raw mix LOI of 34–36%: the 6-stage with the calciner in-line similar LOI, factor about 1.55–1.62 depending on the dust cycle;
• The kiln with the bypass: each 1% of the bypass of the kiln gas increases the required feed per tonne of the clinker slightly, and the disposed or recovered dust shifts the factor by the fractions: the good plants quote the “factor with the dust loss” as the accountant’s number, 1.58–1.68 including the losses:
• The wet process (the historical wet kilns): the dry basis factor remains the same family (the LOI is the same), but the wet factor of the slurry at 30–40% water is much larger (the excessive weight of the water): the value, 2.0–2.8, g: the workbook’s basis tags prevent the mixing of the wet-kin welt factor with the dry:
• The range sanity: a dry process plant whose “factor” moves beyond 1.5–1.7 should distrust the number, not the theory: the LOI, the moisture, the dust or the weighing—the four suspects of the sheet, each with a row, each in the checkbook;

These numbers are the common knowledge of the cement engineering and the calibration of the tool: the factor is not a constant of nature: it is a function of the plant: the workbook deliberately leaves the population: the last word to the measured: the engineer who replaces the reference with the measured LOI and the measured production within a month holds the factor of his own plant with the confidence that the tables never give.

6. The Applications: Where the Factor Works in the Plant

The factor is not merely an interesting chemistry: it is the currency of the production controls, and the workbook names its practical feeds one by one:

• The kiln production report: the shift sums the feed tonnes and the clinker produced, and the two are reconciled through the realized factor: the kiln operator and the weighbridge of the cooler agree or the plant starts the investigation: the daily closure of the pyro line;
• The stock control of the clinker: the clinker silo inventory, calculated from the feed and the factor against the surveys: the factor is the physical bridge by which the feed scalers measure the warehouse: the counts of the quarter:
• The budget and the costing: the raw material tonnes of the year and the LOI of the mix produce the clinker forecast, the variable costs of the tonne, and the purchase plan of the limestone: the budget sits on the factor, and the factor of the budget’s best is the honest answer of the day the budget is written:
• The energy and the emission figures: the specific fuel per tonne of clinker needs the tonne of clinker: the feed-based computation of the day goes through the factor: the same for the CO2 (the carbonate CO2 is the LOI quantifiable) and the emissions:

The application list is long: the pragmatic: the factor is the engine of the plant’s arithmetic and the workbook is its dashboard: the plant that reports the feed and the clinker with the factor in the loop (not in the memory of the leadership) actually masters the production numbers: the heading “the unknown of the month” disappears from the management’s slides: the factor, the honest linkage between the quarry and the silo.

One more application deserves the price: the factor in the commercial contracts of the raw materials: the plant may buy limestone from an external quarry or the corrective from the free market, and the purchase settles in the tonnes of the delivered material: the contracts with the quality clauses (the LOI, the moisture at the gate) read the mass and the price: the factor the accountant applies to the purchased rock is the same factor the kiln uses: a delivery with the LOI of the contract and the next with a different LOI changes the yield of the same tonnes, and the bill per tonne of clinker with it: the workbook’s commercial row adjusts the purchase to the equivalent clinker, so the procurement and the production read the same consequence of the same rock.

7. The Worked Examples: The Sheet in the Numbers

The practice of the workbook, shown in three consecutive examples that the engineer will recognize:

• Example A: the standard day. The feed of the kiln 2,320 t/d, moisture 0.6%, LOI 35.2%: dry feed = 2,320 / 1.006 ≈ 2,306 t/d: theoretical factor 100/(100−35.2) = 1.544: clinker expected ≈ 2,306/1.544 ≈ 1,494 t/d: the cooler weighbridge confirms 1,490 t/d: the difference 4 t/d (0.3%) sleeps in the dust and the measurements: the factor realized 2,320/1,490 = 1.557 (wet base): the sheet shows all four numbers in four columns;
• Example B: the LOI drift: the quarry seam with the richer clay: wet LOI 37.0%: the same 2,320 t/d feed: the factor to dry 1/(1−0.37)=1.587: expected clinker ≈ 2,306/1.587 ≈ 1,453 t/d: the drop of 41 t/d of the clinker from the same feeds: the sheet answers the question –why the production fell– without the meetings: it IS the LOI: the chemistry of the feed explains the pulse of the kiln:
• Example C: the bypass and the dust: the bypass at 4% of the kiln gas with the dust losses of 1.5% of the feed: the realized factor from the weighed clinker: 1.58 dry: higher than the theory of the LOI: the difference is the dust lost permanently to the filter: the accountant’s factor, the honest one: the sheet compares the two factors and shows the gap of the dust line:

The three examples return the same philosophy: the theory predicts, the plant measures, the dust and the moisture explain the gap, and the reconciliation closes the book: the workbook lists the columns of the comparison so the shift engineer can perform the check daily: the numbers walk the plant, and the tools walk the numbers: the closure of the daily table: the exercise of the decigrams.

8. The Reconciliation: The Factor and the Cross-Checks of the Weighing

The factor is nothing if the weighing is wrong, and the workbook anticipates the two classic corrections of the scale truth:

• The weigh belt calibration: the belt scales of the kiln feed and the clinker: the calibration weights, the zero drift, the seasonal: the factor computed from the two foundations shifts with the scales: the workbook’s calibration schedule row reminds the engineer to calibrate the scales before the monthly blind trust in the factor: a shift of the zero by 0.5% changes the factor by the same percentage in the apparent way:
• The reconciliation with the silo survey: the independent check of the clinker: the silo level surveys (the measuring tape, the ultrasonic) combined with the density of the material: the survey vs the calculated: the periodic check of the factor: the difference of >> 2% starts the investigation: the counterweight the scales, the LOI samples, the dust logs:
• The monthly closure: the sum of the daily factors weighted by the production vs the monthly total (feed sum / clinker sum): the two places differ by the interday storage: the workbook runs both and explains the difference as the pivot columns:

The frequency of the accuracy: the daily factor feedd the report, the weekly factor the production review, the monthly factor the budget: all three from the same sheet, all three with the same basis discipline: the cross-checks of the scales make the factor repeatable: the factor that repeats is the factor that builds the trust: the trust across the meetings, the mill, the kiln and the accounting office: the workbook is the registrar of that trust.

9. The Common Mistakes of the Factor: The Audit Sheet of the Pack

Every moved engineer has seen the factor misused, and the workbook’s error sheet names the vice and the cure in the row:

• The wet/dry mixing: the feed tonnes of the wet (the belt) divided by the clinker of the dry: the factor 1% wrong: the sheet: the basis field with the red text: the wrong numbers have been produced by this single care, monthly:
• The stale LOI: the factor of the week with the LOI of last year: the quarry changes the seam: the mix the recipe: the drift sleeps unseen until the inventory: the primer: refresh the LOI whenever the factor deviates >1% from the theory:
• The dust double counting: the dust that returned to the meal is counted again in the feed: the claim: the returned dust is recirculation, not the new feed: the sheet separates the two lines and the accountants of the dusty plants keep the separate figures:
• The bypass and the factor: the bypass dust led to the landfill, the loss of the material: the factor without the dust column hides the loss: the environment’s the best: the tip of the V of the decomposition:

The mistakes of the factor are the mistakes of the half-percent: small on the day, large on the year: a stable 1% error of the factor on a 3,000 t/d kiln colors the clinker report by 30 t/d, and the month by ~900 tonnes: the material of the meetings, the budget deviations: the honest workbook is the guard: the check rows hang on the report sheet and the audit culture of the plant catches the drift before the month closes.

10. The Factor in the Daily Shift Log: The Working Table of the Operator

The factor that the operator holds is not the annual average: it is the table of the LOI to the factor, printed and laminated, on the burner platform: the workbook carries the quick-table so the shift knows the number without the computer:

• The LOI to factor reading: LOI 34.0% → factor 1.515: LOI 34.5% → 1.527: LOI 35.0% → 1.538: LOI 35.5% → 1.550: LOI 36.0% → 1.563: LOI 36.5% → 1.575: LOI 37.0% → 1.587: the step of half a percent of the LOI moves the factor by a hundredth and a half: the shift the operator reads the LOI of the day and the factor of the day in the same breath;
• The shift arithmetic: the feed in tonnes and the clinker out of the shift: the operator’s own quick check divides the two and compares the result with the day’s factor from the LOI: within 1.5% the shift closes the normal; above the mark the filter dust, the scale or the sample needs the look;
• The board of the trend: the daily factors plotted: the season, the quarry seam, the recipe change: the plot of the month is the memory of the process: the sudden step of the factor is the alert that the LOI or the dust changed, and the alert reaches the mill and the quarry the same day;

The table of the operator is the human interface of the tool: the engineer computes once, the operator reads every day, and the plant speaks the same factor in the logbook, the report and the meeting: the packaging of the knowledge into the daily habit is exactly what the workbook provides: the sheet is also the tool of the training: the new operator learns the factor table by using it, and the factor table learns the new operator the language of the kiln.

11. The Factor in the CO2 Reports: The Modern Duty of the Number

The factor is also the silent hero of the new duty of the cement industry: the CO2 accounting of the kiln:

• The process CO2: the carbonate CO2 of the feed: the baseline of the cement plant emissions: the mass of that CO2 equals the dry feed times the carbonate fraction of the LOI: a meal with the LOI 35.2% and 97% of the carbonate delivers 0.34 kg CO2 per kg of the dry feed: the factor: per tonne of the clinker: about 0.52–0.56 t of the process CO2: the number the environmental reports quote:
• The fuel CO2: the combustion of the fuel adds its own: the total emissions of a modern dry kiln about 0.8–0.9 kg CO2 per kg of clinker (the carbonate and the fuel, the electricity minimal): the factor links the tonne of feed to the tonne of clinker and thus to the tonne of emissions:
• The verification and the worksheets: the auditors of the CO2 system will ask how the totalizer of the feed converts to the reported emissions: the worksheet of the factor documents the conversion, the LOI, the carbonate fraction, the method of the day: the honest tool: the answer to the audit is the workbook page, not a memory of the desk:

The factor’s duty has grown with the emissions regime: the plant that reports its CO2 from its own history of the factor and the LOI has the auditable pillar: the workbook of the package was built with that column already: the emissions row sits next to the clinker row and the raw row: the same inputs, the same tool, the new accountability: the factor, the old friend of the pyro engineer, now also the cousin of the sustainability directive.

12. The Worked Instructions: The Five Steps in the Tool

The final part of the article the instructional: four steps to fill the converter sheet the first time:

1. The basis: open the sheet, select the same basis (dry vs wet) in the basis cells: the colors of the sheet change accordingly and the formulas of the sheet follow the selected frame:
2. The inputs: the five rows: the feed t/h, the moisture %, the LOI %, the dust return, the bypass: without typing the summary, the summary updates automatically:
3. The production: the clinker weighed of the day or the week in the production cell: the workbook compares the realized factor vs the theory of the LOI: the difference notes its own “closing”:
4. The reconciliation: the workbook shows the reconciliation spreadsheet (the weighbridge check, the silo survey) and the engineer fills the few rows: the closure decision is displayed: “consistency OK below 1.5%” or “investigate”:
5. The report: the print view of the summary with the basis, the factor, the expected and the matched: the certificate the meeting:

Five steps once the first hour of use, then the daily couple of minutes: the tool is built so that the plant: the people who weigh, the people who sample and the people who report share the same numbers: the three parties read the same factor and the plant speaks one language: the honest bookkeeping of the kiln with the factor of the kiln: the task of the tool, the time of the day, the result of the honest month.

The question of the sample and the automation deserves the footnote: the plants with the meal analyzer (the PGNAA belt analyzer or the XRF automation) feed the LOI and the chemistry of the feed into the sheet automatically at the hourly rate: the factor then moves with the process, not with the laboratory batch: the hybrid world: the automated rows for the analyzer and the manual entry columns for the belt and the moisture: both lives in the same sheet, and the two modes are reconciled in the summary to the same decimal: the workbook adapts to the plant’s instrumentation level, the milestone of the low-tech installation, without the loss of the math.

The closing page of the workbook: the sign-off row: the name of the engineer, the date, the format of the Excel: the institutional memory: the workbook keeps the last 120 days of the numbers so the trend lines and the history of the factor stay with the tool: the factors of the summer and the winter are compared, the factor of the new quarry and the old, and the plant knows its own family of factors: the sequence of its own history: the workbook: the ratio that rises with the seasons, understood.

13. The Factor in the Head: The Mental Arithmetic of the Pyro Engineer

The workbook is the instrument, but the pyro engineer also carries the factor in his head: the quick arithmetic that keeps the plant honest between the reports, and the numbers are kind to the memory:

• The one-and-a-half rough rule: the dry feed at LOI 33.3% converts 1.5 to 1: the realistic wet feed ~1.55–1.62: the engineer who multiplies the feed by 0.62–0.65 gets the clinker of the hour without the calculator: the difference from the sheet is the arithmetic of the moisture and the dust, and the pencil performs better than any belief;
• The back-of-the-budget: the year of 1.1 million tonnes of clinker at the factor 1.56: the raw meal 1.72 Mt, and with the raw moisture 8%: the quarry purchase about 1.87 Mt of the as-mined rock: the three numbers fit on the back of the envelope and the planner walks the board meeting with the same envelope;
• The sensitivity drills: 0.5% higher LOI: +0.4–0.6% on the factor: 1% moisture on the feed: +1% on the wet factor: 1% dust: +1% – the three drills answer the question “what if” in seconds, and the workbook’s sensitivity buttons produce the same table for the report pages;

The mental factor is the professional narrowing of the engineer: the numbers thus practiced are the filter through which the anomalies are seen: a production that contradicts the mental factor in hours gets the investigation before the month: the tool computes, the head sanity: the two together form the complete instrument of the pyro engineer: the workbook of the package keeps both: the formulas of the sheet and the rows of the quick checks, printed as the back page of the tool.

14. Frequently Asked Questions

Why does my plant’s factor look different from the textbook 1.55?

Because the 1.55 is a family average, not a law: the plant’s own factor is set by its LOI (34–37% typical), its feed moisture, its dust cycle, its bypass and the accuracy of its scales: a plant with the high-LOI clay receives 1.58–1.62, a plant with a heavy dust return may print a realized factor up to 1.65–1.70 including the losses: the threshold of concern: the realized factor sits more than 2–3% above the LOI-theory of the same day: then the columns of the dust and the weighing need the investigation.

The LOI of my kiln feed is measured daily: is that enough for the factor?

The daily LOI is the right consistency: it stands for the day when the mix is normal: during the recipe changes, the quarry seam changes or the heavy dust, the faster LOI checks (the hourly ignition of the lab or the XRF of the meal) feed the same sheet and the factor of the hour: the workbook accepts the frequency of the samples and the different quality of the week: the more frequent the measure, the faithful the factor, and the shifts the limit the sampling these matters.

The counter of the clinker stopped: can I still report the clinker from the factor?

Yes, as the temporary bridge, with the words of the margin: the clinker estimate = the dry feed / the theory factor of the LOI, corrected by the historical dust loss of the plant: the reported number is the estimate with the declared uncertainty of about 1–2%: the workbook supports the estimate row and flags it as “estimated” so that the report never pretends the measurement that did not happen: the moment the weighing returns, the reconciliation sheet closes the gap.

The weight belt shows the tonnes of the feed, and the silo says the same, but the factor looks off: who is guilty?

The usual suspects in the order: the LOI (the sample point and the method), the feed moisture of the day, the unmeasured dust (the spills, the bag filter returns, the bypass residue), and the scale (the zero and the span): the workbook’s reconciliation sheet walks the same order: change one suspect at a time, keep the others, and the closure of the row shows which one carried the bias: the hunt is structured by the sheet, not by the arguments of the floor.

Is the factor different between the dry process and the wet kilns?

The dry-basis factor is the same family because the LOI of the meal is the same chemistry: the confusion comes from the moisture: the wet kiln feed contains the 30–40% of the water with the slurry, so the wet factor of the feed scales is much larger, 2.0–2.8, while the dry basis and the chemistry remain the same: the workbook’s basis switch exists precisely to prevent the comparison of the wet number with the dry: when the plant reports, the basis is declared, always.

Does the factor change when the plant starts a second raw mill or a new quarry?

The factor responds only to what the kiln actually receives: the feed flow, the LOI of the blended meal, the moisture and the dust cycle: the equipment changes the arithmetic only through these inputs: the LOI of the new quarry’s blend and the moisture of the new dryer return the new factor: the workbook models the planned changes before they happen: the arrival of a new quarry is simply the LOI-row of the sheet, and the management reads the new clinker forecast before the investment is signed: the tool as the model of the future, not only the diary of the past.

Does the file include the formulas or only the numbers?

The workbook is fully visible: the LOI-to-factor formula, the wet/dry conversion cells, the moisture row, the dust column and the reconciliation check are live formulas with the comments in the cells: the engineer can see every step, adapt the sheet to the specifics of his plant and paste it into the larger reporting of the office: the transparency of the tool is part of the package’s philosophy: the numbers the engineer can trust are the numbers the engineer can follow the way from the input to the printed report.

15. Conclusion

The clinker vs kiln feed factor: the small ratio of the big process: 1.55 feed, 1.0 clinker, the LOI of the meal in the middle: the arithmetic of the lime: the engineer who holds the factor and the LOI of the day can answer the production meetings, order the raw of the quarter and predict the shipments of the week: the factor is the bridge between the scales of the quarry, the silo and the finance.

The Complete Cement Technical Package includes the clinker vs kiln feed factor workbook with its basis switch, the dust lines, the reconciliation check and the report pages: 931 files: the tools, the books, the courses: $249.99 once: the instant download: the lifetime of the updates: the factor of the kiln, the factor of the package: measured, closed, reported: the number that the plant trusts begins here.

This file is part of the Complete Cement Technical Package (931 files) available from cementequipment.org. Respective rights holders; library copy for the licensed single user.