Kc Bogue Composition: Complete Technical Guide

The Bogue composition is the arithmetic of the clinker mineralogy: the four equations that turn the routine oxide analysis of the plant laboratory into the estimated percentages of alite, belite, aluminate and ferrite, the C3S, the C2S, the C3A and the C4AF: the number system that the entire cement industry quotes when it speaks of the clinker quality: the Bogue calculation of module 2.4 takes the one page of oxides that the XRF prints every morning and produces the phase composition that the standards, the sales documents and the kiln reports all use: for the plant engineer, the Bogue numbers are the first language of the daily chemistry meeting.

The Complete Cement Technical Package (931 files including the books, the courses, the Excel tools and the presentations: $249.99 one-time: instant download via the PayPal payment) includes this course module with the Bogue calculator spreadsheets, the oxide-to-phase conversion tools and the worked examples of the standard clinkers: the same package that carries the cement chemistry of Taylor, the raw mix design files and the kiln process documents: this article walks the module: the reader finishes it able to compute the Bogue composition of any clinker analysis by hand, to build the spreadsheet, and to explain why the result differs from the microscope and the X-ray diffraction, which is the subject of module 2.5.

The style of the module is the style of the course: the numbers first, the mechanisms second, the plant practice third: the Bogue method is a calculation, not a measurement, and the module is honest about the difference: the equations are simple, the assumptions are hidden, and the engineer who understands the assumptions reads the output correctly: the sections move from the chemistry background through the exact equations, the worked example, the mass balance, the raw mix use, the standard limits and the practical spreadsheet discipline, closing with the bridge to the deviation module that follows in the course.

1. Why the Phase Composition Is Calculated Rather Than Measured

The clinker leaving the cooler is a mixture of minerals: the alite and the belite crystals grown in the kiln, the aluminate and the ferrite of the interstitial matrix, the free lime that escaped the reaction, and the minor phases of the alkalis and the sulfates: the plant laboratory could measure these phases directly, but the direct methods are slow and cost money, while the oxide analysis is fast and already on the desk:

• The XRF oxide sheet: the routine analysis of the clinker or the cement delivers CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, SO3, MgO, K2O and Na2O within hours of sampling, and the plant runs this analysis daily, sometimes hourly;
• The microscope count: the polished section point counting identifies the phases visually, but it needs the skilled petrographer, the etching and hours of counting, and it samples only the few grams on the slide;
• The X-ray diffraction: the XRD Rietveld measurement quantifies the phases directly, but the instrument is not on every plant and the method needs the trained analyst and the calibrated standards;
• The Bogue compromise: the calculation from the oxides takes minutes, needs only the hand calculator or the spreadsheet, and delivers phase estimates that are good enough for the daily control, the standards compliance and the quality argument;
• The historical origin: the method was developed in the late 1920s by R.H. Bogue and his colleagues at the United States Bureau of Standards, meaning it predates the routine XRD by decades, and it was adopted into the cement standards precisely because it runs on the oxide data that every laboratory already produces;

The Bogue method is the daily tool and the direct methods are the audit tools: the plant controls on the Bogue numbers and periodically verifies them against the microscopy and the XRD, and module 2.5 of the course teaches exactly how far the two can drift apart: the calculation, its frame and its honest limits are the subject of this module.

2. The Four Main Phases and Their Assumed Compositions

The Bogue calculation assumes that the clinker mineralogy is completely described by four well-known phases, each with an exact and fixed composition, and the module fixes the cast of characters before the arithmetic begins:

Phase	Full name	Short name	Assumed formula	Mass % oxides in the pure phase
Alite	Tricalcium silicate	C3S	3CaO·SiO2	73.7 CaO, 26.3 SiO2
Belite	Dicalcium silicate	C2S	2CaO·SiO2	65.1 CaO, 34.9 SiO2
Aluminate	Tricalcium aluminate	C3A	3CaO·Al2O3	62.2 CaO, 37.8 Al2O3
Ferrite	Calcium aluminoferrite	C4AF	4CaO·Al2O3·Fe2O3	46.2 CaO, 21.0 Al2O3, 32.9 Fe2O3

The table carries the whole philosophy of the method: the real clinker phases are solid solutions that deviate from these formulas, but the method locks them to the pure stoichiometry, because a fixed stoichiometry makes the oxide arithmetic possible: the alite of the kiln contains magnesium, aluminium, iron and sulfur in its lattice, yet the method counts it all as pure 3CaO·SiO2, and this choice is the root of the deviations that module 2.5 quantifies: for now the module works with the pure compositions, exactly as Bogue designed the method.

The phase name conventions matter for the laboratory reports: the short names C3S, C2S, C3A and C4AF come from the oxide symbols of the cement chemist, where C means CaO, S means SiO2, A means Al2O3 and F means Fe2O3, and the module keeps this notation throughout because the plant files, the quality reports and the package documents all use it.

3. The Bogue Equations: The Exact Factors and Their Logic

The heart of the module is the set of four equations that assign the oxides to the phases, and the module presents them with the exact empirical factors that the standards use:

C3S = 4.071 C − 7.600 S − 6.718 A − 1.430 F − 2.852 SO3

C2S = 2.867 S − 0.754 C3S

C3A = 2.650 A − 1.692 F

C4AF = 3.043 F

Where C, S, A, F and SO3 are the oxide mass percentages of the clinker analysis, and the phrases in the module explain the logic of each factor:

• The 4.071 lime multiplier: each percent of SiO2 that forms C3S consumes 4.071 percent of CaO, because the pure C3S holds 73.7 percent CaO against 26.3 percent SiO2, and 73.7 divided by 26.3 equals 2.80 in the simple ratio, while the full factor chain also accounts for the lime released back by the other assigned oxides;
• The subtraction structure: the silica must first offer its lime shares, so the 7.600 factor removes the lime bound by the silica that forms C2S, the 6.718 removes the lime bound by the alumina in C3A, the 1.430 removes the lime bound by the iron in C4AF, and the 2.852 removes the lime that the SO3 diverts to the gypsum instead of the silicates;
• The 2.867 and the 0.754 pair: the belite equation takes the silica that the alite did not consume and converts it with the 2.867 lime ratio of C2S, subtracting the 0.754 times the already computed alite to avoid counting the silica twice;
• The 2.650 and the 1.692 pair: the aluminate equation allocates the alumina after the ferrite has taken its share: 1.692 parts of alumina are withdrawn for each part of iron, because the ferrite phase is assigned first, and the rest of the alumina becomes C3A;
• The 3.043 iron multiplier: the ferrite is assumed to be exactly C4AF, which contains 32.9 percent Fe2O3 against 100 percent phase, giving the factor 3.043 that turns the iron oxide into the ferrite mass;

The factor set is the classical Bogue set as published in the cement literature and adopted by the standards organizations: the module insists that the engineer writes the factors exactly, because the 4.071 against 4.070 or the 1.692 against 1.690 changes the third decimal of the result, and the plant reports carry two decimals: the equations above are the reference of the course and the basis of the Excel calculator included in the package.

4. The Worked Example: The Complete Clinker Analysis Step by Step

The module walks one full example with a realistic ordinary Portland clinker analysis, so the reader sees every intermediate number, and the same example is pre-loaded in the spreadsheet of the package:

Oxide	Mass % in the clinker	Role in the calculation
CaO (C)	66.20	The main lime donor of the mix
SiO2 (S)	21.40	The silicate former
Al2O3 (A)	5.00	The aluminate former
Fe2O3 (F)	2.80	The ferrite former
SO3	0.50	The gypsum anchor of the lime
MgO	1.20	Not in the equations
K2O	0.50	Not in the equations
Na2O	0.15	Not in the equations

The first equation, the alite:

C3S = 4.071 × 66.20 − 7.600 × 21.40 − 6.718 × 5.00 − 1.430 × 2.80 − 2.852 × 0.50

C3S = 269.50 − 162.64 − 33.59 − 4.00 − 1.43 = 67.84 percent

The second equation, the belite:

C2S = 2.867 × 21.40 − 0.754 × 67.84

C2S = 61.35 − 51.15 = 10.20 percent

The third equation, the aluminate:

C3A = 2.650 × 5.00 − 1.692 × 2.80

C3A = 13.25 − 4.74 = 8.51 percent

The fourth equation, the ferrite:

C4AF = 3.043 × 2.80 = 8.52 percent

The result of the example: the clinker carries an estimated 67.8 percent C3S, 10.2 percent C2S, 8.5 percent C3A and 8.5 percent C4AF, a composition typical of the ordinary Portland clinker with the moderately high lime and the normal flux balance: the module adds the reading of the result: the high alite fraction promises the high early strength, the C3A of 8.5 percent keeps the cement within the ordinary type range, and the ferrite of 8.5 percent shows the iron level of the average raw mix.

5. The Mass Balance: Where the Rest of the Clinker Goes

The four computed phases sum to 95.0 percent in the example, and the module addresses the missing 5 percent immediately, because the young engineer always asks why the sum is not 100:

• The four phases: 67.84 plus 10.20 plus 8.51 plus 8.52 equals 95.07 percent, the silicate plus the interstitial total;
• The MgO: the 1.20 percent MgO of the analysis sits partly in the alite lattice and partly as the periclase, neither of which the equations assign, so it simply remains outside the four phases;
• The alkalis: the 0.50 percent K2O and the 0.15 percent Na2O appear in the clinker as the alkali sulfates and in the solid solutions, and the Bogue method leaves them out of the accounted phases;
• The SO3 in the cement: in the clinker analysis the SO3 is already small, and in the cement analysis the added gypsum raises it, which the equations handle through the 2.852 correction term;
• The minor oxides: TiO2, Mn2O3, P2O5 and the trace elements complete the inventory, typically below one percent combined, and the module notes that the sum of the analysis should itself lie between 99 and 100 percent as a laboratory check;

The mass balance teaches the honest reading of the method: the Bogue composition describes the four major phases and deliberately ignores the rest, which is acceptable for the daily control because the four majors dominate the behavior of the cement: the engineer who needs the full mineral picture, including the periclase and the alkali phases, turns to the microscopy and the XRD, the audit tools of module 2.5.

6. The Assumptions Under the Calculation: The Fine Print of the Method

The Bogue equations are exact arithmetic built on approximate chemistry, and the module lists the assumptions explicitly so that the plant engineer knows what the number can and cannot say:

• The equilibrium assumption: the method assumes that the burning reached the full thermodynamic equilibrium and the clinker consists only of the four equilibrium phases, while the real kiln always leaves the free lime and the partially reacted belite in the product;
• The pure phase assumption: the method assumes each phase has the exact textbook formula, while the real alite is a solid solution with magnesium, aluminium, iron and sulfur, the ferrite is a continuous solid solution series, and the aluminate changes its crystal system with the alkali content;
• The sulfate assumption: the method assumes the SO3 acts only through the lime deduction of the 2.852 term, while the real sulfate forms the alkali sulfates and the additional calcium sulfate that the equations do not see;
• The no-loss assumption: the method assumes all the oxides of the analysis belong to the clinker mass, while the alkali and the sulfate circulate in the kiln gases and leave with the dust, so the analysis of the sampled clinker is only a snapshot of the circulating system;
• The complete-burning assumption: the method assumes the lime is fully combined, while the underburned clinker carries free lime that the equations would have counted into C3S, inflating the alite estimate of the poorly burned days;

The consequence is predictable and the module states it plainly: the Bogue numbers are estimates with a typical uncertainty of one to three percent absolute for the silicates and more for the aluminate and the ferrite, and the deviations grow when the composition moves away from the ordinary range: module 2.5 quantifies these deviations with the comparison tables, and the wise plant uses the Bogue as the trend instrument, not as the absolute truth.

7. The Bogue Arithmetic in the Raw Mix Design: Working Backwards

The raw mix designer uses the same equations in the reverse direction, and the module shows the round trip:

• The target phases: the plant defines the desired Bogue composition, for example the 65 percent C3S for the high-early-strength line or the 60 percent C3S and the 7 percent C3A for the general purpose line;
• The target oxides: the C3A target fixes the alumina above the iron share, the C4AF target fixes the iron, the C3S and the C2S targets fix the silica and the lime, and the whole set produces the target oxide recipe;
• The LSF check: the lime saturation factor of module 2.3 and the silica ratio of the course interlock with the same oxides, so the design passes through both the ratio checks and the Bogue checks, and the plant sheet holds the two systems side by side;
• The raw materials allocation: the target oxides are then distributed among the limestone, the clay, the sand and the corrective materials, using the same arithmetic that the raw mix module of the course teaches;
• The daily feedback: when the kiln feed analysis returns from the XRF, the Bogue equations convert it into the phase expectation, and the shift compares the expected C3S with the free lime of the burning zone to judge whether the kiln agrees with the chemistry;

The reverse trip is the control loop of the whole process: the oxide analysis of the blended raw meal is the input, the Bogue phases are the expectation, and the free lime and the clinker quality are the verdict: the module underlines that the Bogue calculation is not a laboratory curiosity but the steering instrument of the raw mix department and the kiln crews, running every shift of every modern plant.

8. The Bogue Composition and the Cement Properties

The phase numbers translate directly into the properties that the market buys, and the module walks the property map of the four phases:

Phase	Typical range in OPC clinker	Principal contribution	Side effects to watch
C3S (alite)	55 – 70 %	Early and ultimate strength, heat of hydration	Higher burning temperature demand
C2S (belite)	5 – 25 %	Late strength, low early heat	Slower hardening alone
C3A (aluminate)	5 – 14 %	Very early heat, sets the gypsum demand	Sulfate attack sensitivity
C4AF (ferrite)	5 – 12 %	Faster clinkering flux, moderate heat	Darker cement color, minor strength role

The module adds the practical readings of the table:

• The alite drives the 28-day strength: the correlation between the Bogue C3S and the strength is the oldest quality rule of the industry, and the specifiers quote the C3S level as the shorthand for the strength class;
• The C3A drives the gypsum dance: the higher the aluminate, the more sulfate the cement needs to control the flash setting, and the plant sets the SO3 of the finish mill partly from the Bogue C3A;
• The C3A and the sulfate resistance: the low-C3A cements resist the aggressive sulfates better, which is why the sulfate-resisting specifications cap the aluminate;
• The heat of hydration: the concrete in the massive structures feels the C3A and the C3S heat, and the low-heat specifications push the C3S and the C3A down and the C2S up;
• The ferrite and the color: the iron content gives the grey color of the cement, and the white cement lines cut the Fe2O3 below 0.4 percent, which the Bogue C4AF then reports at barely above one percent;

The property map is the commercial language of the cement: the sales sheet quotes the Bogue composition, the concrete engineer designs on the phase ratios, and the standards enforce the limits of the next section, all built on the arithmetic of module 2.4.

9. The Standards That Are Written in Bogue Numbers

The cement standards bind the Bogue calculation into the purchase contracts, and the module lists the important limits with their meanings:

• ASTM C150: the American standard for the Portland cement types the cement by the Bogue composition: the Type II moderate sulfate resistance allows C3A up to 8 percent when the specification requires it, the Type V high sulfate resistance caps C3A at 5 percent, and the Type II moderate heat requires the optional C3S of 58 percent or less when claimed;
• The analysis basis: the standard defines that the Bogue values are calculated from the oxide analysis of the cement with the loss on ignition accounted, and the plant must compute on the prescribed basis to compare with the certificate;
• The low-alkali option: the same standard carries the optional alkali limit of 0.60 percent Na2O equivalent when the low-alkali cement is specified, a matter of the alkalis that modules 2.6 and 2.9 treat in depth;
• EN 197-1 and the equivalent limits: the European standard does not make the Bogue values the type criterion, but many national annexes and the special cements use the same calculation with the same equations, and the package documents the equivalences;
• The reporting discipline: the certificate of the cement must state the basis of the Bogue computation, and the module reminds the plant that the certificate without the basis can mislead the customer: the clinker basis differs from the cement basis by the gypsum dilution and the additional SO3;

The standards convert the Bogue arithmetic into the legal currency of the market: when the buyer demands the Type V cement or the low-alkali cement, the seller proves compliance through the Bogue numbers and the alkali measurement, and the daily Bogue calculation of the plant is the continuous proof that the certified quality stays inside the window.

10. The Clinker Basis versus the Cement Basis: The Dilution Arithmetic

The Bogue calculation runs on the clinker analysis in the kiln control and on the cement analysis in the quality laboratory, and the module pins the difference:

• The clinker analysis: the kiln department samples the clinker and computes the Bogue on the clinker oxides, the direct view of the burning result, typically with the SO3 near 0.3 to 0.8 percent;
• The cement analysis: the finish mill adds the 3 to 5 percent gypsum and often the other cement constituents, which dilutes every oxide and lifts the SO3 to the 2.5 to 3.5 percent band of the finished cement;
• The dilution factor: the 4 percent addition of the gypsum reduces each oxide percentage by about 4 percent relative, so the cement-basis C3S reads about 2 to 3 percent absolute lower than the clinker-basis value of the same batch;
• The SO3 correction weight: on the cement analysis the SO3 term of the alite equation is five to seven times larger than on the clinker analysis, and its 2.852 factor withdraws the corresponding lime, so the computed phases shift visibly between the two bases;
• The plant discipline: the modern quality systems compute the Bogue on the ignited clinker basis and optionally repeat on the cement basis, and every report states which basis it uses, because the two numbers are not interchangeable in the contract;

The module closes the section with the one-line rule: the clinker basis reports the burning, and the cement basis reports the product, and the plant that mixes the two bases in one discussion arguments about the different numbers that describe two different masses: the certificate of the package workbook keeps both columns with the basis labels permanently visible.

11. The Calculation Basis: The Ignited and the As-Received Analysis

The XRF analysis comes in two flavors, and the Bogue numbers depend on which one the engineer feeds into the equations:

• The as-received analysis: the oxide percentages as printed by the instrument, including the water and the carbon dioxide that the sample carries, so the sum of the as-received analysis falls below 100 percent when the loss on ignition is present;
• The ignited basis: the oxide percentages re-based to 100 percent after the loss on ignition is removed, the analysis of the dry mineral skeleton, which is the correct basis for the phase calculation;
• The moisture trap: the cement picked up 1 percent moisture in the silo or the sample packet: the as-received CaO reads 65.5 instead of 66.2, and the Bogue C3S drops by about 1.6 absolute percent, a phantom change that steers the kiln wrongly;
• The recalculation rule: each oxide of the ignited basis equals the as-received oxide divided by the sum of the as-received oxides and multiplied by 100, and the module provides the worked conversion in the workbook;
• The laboratory convention: the routine cement analysis is reported as-received and the clinker and the raw meal controls are re-based, so the plant must know the convention of its own laboratory before it judges any Bogue sheet;

The basis discipline is the most common hidden error of the Bogue practice: two laboratories can report two different C3S values for the same clinker simply because one re-based the analysis and the other did not, and the module trains the engineer to check the bases first whenever the Bogue numbers disagree.

12. The Spreadsheet Practice and the Common Mistakes

The Excel calculator of the package automates the arithmetic, and the module teaches the discipline that keeps the automation honest:

• The cell layout: the workbook holds the oxide inputs in the yellow cells, the phase outputs in the green cells, and the factor block in the locked grey cells, so the user can audit every formula;
• The automatic checks: the sheet computes the sum of the oxides, the sum of the phases, and the LSF and the ratios of module 2.3 beside the Bogue blocks, and flags the analysis whose sum drifts beyond 99 to 100.5 percent;
• The basis switch: the workbook carries the as-received and the ignited columns with the conversion formulas built in, so the user cannot feed the wrong basis without the sum check complaining;
• The typical mistakes: the module lists them: forgetting the SO3 term on a cement analysis, using the 1.692 and the 2.650 swapped, feeding the raw meal instead of the clinker, and reading the C4AF as the ferrite solid solution instead of the Bogue number;
• The audit trail: the sheet prints the date, the sample number, the basis and the operator code on every report page, because the plant quality system wants to trace any disputed number to its sample;

The module reminds the reader that the spreadsheet is a tool with its own failure modes: the formula is only as good as the typing, the factors only as good as the transcription, and the inputs only as good as the sampling, so the plant keeps the hand-calculated example of section 4 in the sheet as the permanent verification case that catches the corrupted formulas.

13. The Limits of the Method and the Bridge to Module 2.5

The Bogue method has served the industry for nearly a century, and its limits are as well documented as its equations, and the module states the balance honestly:

• The solid solution drift: the real alite dissolves the magnesium and the aluminium, the real ferrite is a continuous series that approaches C2F at the iron-rich end, and the real C3A turns orthorhombic with the alkalis, so the pure-stoichiometry arithmetic of Bogue cannot match the measured phases exactly;
• The measured deviations: the systematic comparisons of the literature, carried out with the microscope point counting and the XRD, show the alite estimates within about one to three absolute percent of the measurement for the ordinary clinkers, while the C3A and the ferrite can differ by two to five absolute percent when the alkali and the magnesium levels are high;
• The cooling blade: the kiln conditions matter: the fast-cooled clinker holds the high-temperature phases, while the slow-cooled clinker lets the alite decompose and the belite transform, and the Bogue numbers describe neither cooling path in detail;
• The free lime residue: on the underburned days the free lime inflates the C3S estimate, so the Bogue report must always be read together with the free lime result of the laboratory, and the module shows the couplet: C3S estimate and free lime, always printed side by side;
• The audit methods: the microscope point counting, the X-ray diffraction with the Rietveld refinement and the electron probe analysis are the reference instruments, and module 2.5 teaches the comparison tables that reconcile the Bogue world with the measured world;

The bridge to module 2.5 is the honest close of this module: the Bogue composition is the fast, standard, contract-grade estimate of the clinker phases, and the deviation module that follows measures exactly how far the estimate drifts from the reality of the kiln, so the reader keeps the equations of this module in hand while walking the comparison tables of the next one.

The Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Bogue composition used for in the plant?

The Bogue composition is the daily phase estimate of the clinker and the cement: the kiln control uses it to judge the burning result, the quality department uses it to certify the cement types, the standards use it to set the sulfate resistance and the heat requirements, and the sales documents quote it as the summary of the quality: it is the fastest mineralogical number that the plant can produce from the routine oxide analysis.

Why does the sum of the four Bogue phases not reach 100 percent?

Because the method accounts only for the four main phases and the analysis always contains the MgO, the alkalis, the sulfates and the minor oxides that the equations deliberately ignore: in the worked example of the module the four phases summed to 95.0 percent and the remaining 5.0 percent was the MgO, the K2O, the Na2O and the traces: the sum of the phases around 95 to 99 percent is normal for the ordinary clinker.

Can the Bogue calculation replace the X-ray diffraction analysis?

For the daily control, yes, within its accuracy: the Bogue numbers track the process reliably and they are the legal basis of the standards, but the XRD and the microscopy see the solid solutions and the minor phases that the equations cannot, so the plants that need the precise mineralogy for the research or the dispute resolution keep the direct methods as the audit tools, exactly as module 2.5 teaches.

Why does the C3S number jump when the laboratory changes the analysis basis?

Because the ignited analysis removes the moisture and the carbon dioxide before the equations run, while the as-received analysis feeds the diluted oxides into them: the difference of a few percent absolute is pure arithmetic, and the module trains the engineer to check the basis label on every report before comparing any two C3S numbers.

What is the fastest way to verify the Bogue spreadsheet of the plant?

Run the worked example of the module through the sheet: the clinker with 66.20 CaO, 21.40 SiO2, 5.00 Al2O3, 2.80 Fe2O3 and 0.50 SO3 must produce exactly the 67.8 C3S, 10.2 C2S, 8.5 C3A and 8.5 C4AF of section 4, and any sheet that fails this verification case has a formula error that must be repaired before the sheet is trusted for the production numbers.

The Bogue composition has given the course its first phase language: the four equations that turn the oxide sheet into the four-phase summary of the clinker, the arithmetic that the standards, the kiln shifts and the sales rooms all share: the factors of the module, from the 4.071 lime multiplier to the 0.754 belite correction, are the constants of the daily chemistry, and the reader carries them into the modules that follow: the deviation module 2.5 measures the truth behind the estimate, the alkali modules 2.6 and 2.9 handle the minors that the equations ignore, and the polymorphs module 2.7 explains why the phases of the clinker look the way they do in the microscope.

The Complete Cement Technical Package includes this course with the Bogue calculator, the basis converters and the worked clinker examples: the one-time 249.99: the instant download: the phase arithmetic of the clinker is the daily bread of the quality engineer, and the reader of module 2.4 now owns its equations: the C3S, the C2S, the C3A, the C4AF, computed, checked and interpreted.

The module closes with the summary that the plant should remember in one breath: the Bogue numbers are the estimates, not the measurements, the ignited basis is the working basis, the free lime must sit beside the alite, and the deviations, when they grow, carry their own information about the kiln: the calculation of the module is the fast instrument of the quality loop, and the honesty about its limits is the mark of the engineer who reads the numbers correctly.

The reading plan for the engineer: use the Bogue sheet for the daily steering of the mix and the kiln, compare it monthly with the XRD reference of module 2.5, and return to the factor table of this module whenever a laboratory changes its analysis convention, because the two-decimal phases of the certificate deserve the two-decimal discipline of the calculation.

This file is part of the Complete Cement Technical Package (931 files) available from cementequipment.org. Respective rights holders; library copy for the licensed single user.