Structure And Performance: Complete Technical Guide

Structure and Performance of Cements is the standard edited reference of the cement material science: the second edition of the volume edited by P. Barnes and J. Bensted, the book through which the leading specialists of the cement field wrote the connection between the internal structure of the cement and its engineering performance: this document is the complete PDF of the collection with the chapters of the clinker chemistry, the hydration, the microstructure, the durability, the characterization and the special cements: the researcher, the quality chemist, the concrete engineer and the postgraduate student of the cement science consult this volume as the state of the art of the cement as a material.

The Complete Cement Technical Package (931 files including the books, the Excel tools, the courses and the presentations: $249.99 one-time: instant download via the PayPal payment) includes this Structure and Performance of Cements PDF with all its chapters, its micrographs and its reference tables: the package places the collection next to the other classical volumes of the cement library (the Lea, the Taylor, the Bye, the Odler special cements) so that the professional owns the whole scientific shelf of the field: this article walks the book: the scope of the collection first, the clinker and the hydration second, the microstructure and the durability third, the special systems and the methods fourth: the reader finishes with the map of the structural science of the cement.

The premise of the volume is the core sentence of the material science: the structure determines the performance: the strength of the concrete is the consequence of the C-S-H gel formed in the hydration, the durability is the consequence of the pore structure and the phase stability, and the industrial problems (the sulfate attack, the alkali-silica reaction, the frost damage, the corrosion of the reinforcement) are the consequences of the structure of the hydration products: the engineer who knows the structure predicts the performance; the engineer who ignores it pays for the failures: the volume of Barnes and Bensted is the reference that connects these two worlds with the authority of the scientific literature.

1. The Scope of the Collection: From the Clinker to the Concrete

The opening chapters define the span of the book:

• The cement systems of the volume: the Portland clinker, the blended cements, the special binders (the aluminate, the sulfoaluminate, the phosphate): the chapters present the mineralogy and the chemistry of each system with the phase data of the references;
• The two poles of the whole: the structure (the phase composition, the crystal structure, the microstructure, the porosity) and the performance (the strength, the durability, the volume stability, the service life): the organization of the volume around the one and the other;
• The audience of the book: the research community and the advanced industry: the teaching chapters and the reference tables: the text is written for the reader who wants the complete understanding, not the quick answer: the bound library volume;
• The organization of the chapters: each chapter is written by the specialist of the theme under the editorial coordination of the Barnes and the Bensted: the multi-author depth with the single-volume coherence: the reference lists of the chapters form the bibliography of the cement science;

The edited structure of the book is its strength: the reader receives from each chapter the authority of the dedicated researcher: the collection reads as the curriculum of the cement material science from the phase level to the service-life level, and the two names of the title (the structure and the performance) are two ends of one chain that the volume demonstrates through every chapter.

The guidance for the reader: the volume is not a single sitting reading: the professional uses it as the reference of the phases and the durability: the student follows the sequence of the chapters as the curriculum of the material science: the plant chemist opens the relevant chapter for the problem at hand: the structure of the volume invites this navigation: the tables of the phase data, the micrographs of the hydration and the durability sections answer the practical questions: this is how the modern cement library is used, and the package reader applies the same navigation in the other books of the collection.

2. The Cement Clinker: The Raw Materials and the Phase Formation

The first scientific chapters: the anatomy of the clinker:

• The raw materials and the burning: the calcareous and the clay components, the preparation of the raw meal, the clinkering reactions: the calcination, the formation of the melt and the burning at approximately 1,450: the phase of the reactions of the kiln: the burnability of the raw mix;
• The alite (C3S): the major phase of the clinker: the crystal structure of the tricalcium silicate, the polymorphism of the tri- and the mono- forms, the stabilizers (the MgO, the Al2O3) and the industrial crystal habit: the alite hydration provides the early and the main strength of the cement:
• The belite (C2S): the alpha, the beta and the gamma modifications: the industrial control of the belite in the low-energy clinkers: the slower hydration and the long-term strength: the doping of the belite and the low-carbon cements:
• The aluminate, the ferrite and the minor phases: the cubic and the orthorhombic forms of the C3A, the solid solution of the C4AF: the sulfates of the alkalis, the periclase and the free lime: the heat of the hydration of the aluminate, the role in the setting, the soundness of the clinker:

The clinker chapters give the crystallographic foundation of everything that follows: the strength of the cement begins at the lattice: the phases that the X-ray pattern shows and the microscope photographs are the generators of all the properties: the book reads the clinker as the language of the material, and the reference chapters give the X-ray and the microscopy data of the phases.

The industrial reading of the clinker chapter: the quality of the day-to-day clinker of the plant (the free lime, the crystal sizes of the alite, the amount of the melt) is the language that the chapter teaches: the chemist brings the X-ray pattern of the produced clinker to the tables of the volume and reads the phase proportions: the burnability problems of a changing raw material are anticipated from the mineralogy of the feed: the chapter is the bridge between the laboratory diffraction and the kiln operation, and the practical value of the collection begins at this bridge.

3. The Hydration of the Cement: The Structure of the Products

The central mechanistic chapters of the collection:

• The hydration of the silicates: the dissolution, the nucleation and the growth: the C-S-H, the calcium silicate hydrate of the variable composition: the models of the C-S-H structure (the tobermorite and the jennite models): the morphology and the inner and the outer products of the paste:
• The calcium hydroxide: the portlandite crystals of the hydration, the content of the CH in the paste, its role in the interfacial and its consumption by the pozzolanic and the carbonation reactions: the closing of the calcium balance of the paste:
• The sulfate hydrates: the ettringite (AFt) and the monosulfate (AFm): the formation from the aluminate and the gypsum: the expansion, the sulfate attack, the delayed ettringite formation: the stability of the phases with the temperature and the moisture: the hydration chapter:
• The heat and the kinetics: the calorimetry of the hydration: the induction, the acceleration and the diffusion periods: the set times and the water demand: the kinetic models of the industrial cements and the performance consequences:

The hydration chapter is the heart of the volume: the cement paste that binds the aggregate is the hydrated structure, and this collection is the reference that describes it: the microstructure is born in the hydration: for the plant chemist, the hydration chapters explain the setting problems of the laboratory and the field with the chemistry that the quality testing alone cannot show.

The practical controls of the hydration: the fineness of the cement accelerates the reaction, the water content dilutes the paste, and the temperature compresses the schedule of the set: the retarding sugars, the accelerating salts and the plaster of the set are all explained by the mechanisms of the chapter: the same chapter supplies the design basis for the heat control of the mass pours, the winter concreting and the emergency repairs of the structures: the hydration data of the volume permit the engineer to predict the time of the setting, the rate of the hardening and the temperature of the concrete pours.

The hydration in the long term: the hydrated phases set the behavior of the structures of the decades: the carbonation of the cover, the leaching by the soft waters and the internal reactions of the aggregates are the stories of the hydration products that the chapter presents: under the long time, the C-S-H of the mature paste continues to densify and the microcracks of the early age heal in part: the hydration knowledge is the reading key of the degradations that the durability chapters describe: the reader who returns to this chapter while studying the sulfate and the carbonation accelerates his path to the full understanding of the material.

4. The Microstructure and the Porosity of the Hardened Paste

The microstructure chapters of the hardened cement:

• The paste microstructure: the electron microscopy of the cement paste: the C-S-H of the various morphologies, the portlandite crystals, the AFm and the AFt: the development with the age, the water-cement ratio and the temperature:
• The porosity and the pore sizes: the mercury porosimetry and the pore size distribution: the capillary and the gel pores: the percolation of the pore space: the transport in the pore structure: the strength-porosity relationships of the cement:
• The interfacial zone: the interface between the paste and the aggregate: the bleeding and the high local water: the higher porosity of the interface: the influence of the ITZ on the transport and the strength of the concrete: the modern views of the interfacial:
• The microstructure and the properties: the microstructure-based relations of the shrinkage, the creep and the strength: the spatio of the paste: the digital image analysis of the microstructure: the strength from the structure:

The microstructure is the three-dimensional image of the cement: the volume defines the mechanical and the transport properties: the transport is the key of the durability: the chloride of the sea, the sulfate of the ground, the carbon dioxide of the air all pass through the pore system: the book teaches the microstructure as the skeleton of the performance, and the characterization chapters of the package give the instruments to see it.

The engineering consequences of the pore structure: the drying shrinkage of the paste, the creep under the sustained loads and the cracking of the massive elements are the movements of the pore water and the C-S-H: the autogenous and the drying shrinkages of the high-performance concretes require the data of the chapter for the risk assessment of the structures: the same porosity chapter explains the success of the entrained air in the frost resistance and the role of the additions in the refinement of the pores: the microstructure is not an image; it is the physical account of the behavior of the concrete.

5. The Durability and the Degradation Mechanisms

The performance chapters of the volume:

• The sulfate attack: the external and the internal sulfate attack: the formation of the ettringite and the gypsum in the concrete, the expansion and the cracking: the mitigation by the limitation of the C3A, by the pozzolan and by the dense concrete: the mechanisms of the field:
• The alkali-silica reaction: the reaction of the alkali with the reactive silica of the aggregates: the expansive gel and the cracking: the prevention by the low-alkali cement and the supplementary materials: the diagnosis and the management of the ASR:
• The chloride attack and the steel corrosion: the ingress of the chloride, the corrosion of the reinforcement, the threshold values: the diffusion and the capillary suction: the supplementary materials against the chloride: the remaining life of the structures:
• The frost, the carbonation and the fire: the freeze-thaw cycles and the air entrainment, the carbonation of the cover, the behavior at the high temperatures: the spalling and the strength loss in the fire: the degre of the hydration products at the temperature:

The durability chapters are the field chapters of the scientist: the concrete of the bridges, the quays, the chimneys and the water towers fails in the patterns described here, and the chapters give the chemistry of each failure: the engineer who can read the diagnostics finds in this volume the mechanism of the alkali cracking of a pavement, the sulfate heave of a foundation and the corrosion spalling of a column.

The durability design in the volume: the specification of the low-permeability concrete, the cover depths of the reinforcement, the limiting values of the water-cement ratio and the selection of the cement type for the aggressive ground: the chapters give the engineer the science of the codes: the sulfate classes, the chloride environments and the freeze-thaw zones of the standards read against the mechanisms: the volume closes the gap between the textbook chemistry and the durability specification of the national codes, and the field engineer of the marine and the desert structures finds the rationale of the specifications that the standards print as the tabulated requirements.

6. The Blended and the Special Cement Systems

The later chapters extend the collection to the other binders:

• The blended cements: the fly ash, the granulated slag and the silica fume: the structure of the blended hydrate, the pozzolanic and the filler effects: the reduced clinker factor: the improved durability of the blended systems: the modern chapters of the sustainable cement:
• The calcium aluminate and the special hydraulic: the hydration of the CAC and its conversion, the phases of the C-A-H: the expansion and the shrinkage compensation: the sulfoaluminate system: the connection of this volume with the dedicated books of the special cements in the package:
• The oil well and the geothermal cements: the hydration at the high temperatures and the pressures: the well cementing of the deep wells: the structures of the high-temperature hydrates and the retarders: the chapters of the well cement:
• The application chapters: the concretes of the buildings, the dams and the bridges: the performance of the structures: the repair and the retrofit materials: the technology of the concrete with the cement science of the volume:

The blended and the special chapters complete the volume: the modern cement industry of the reduced clinker: the concrete of the century is made from the blended binders and every blend has its chemistry in this collection: the package teams this volume with the Odler volume of the special inorganic cements so that the professional reads the chapter of the collection and the dedicated book of the depth: two books of the same shelf.

The blend practice of the engineering plant: the proportioning of the fly ash and the slag in the mill, the availability of the blended products and the response of the blended binders: the chapter explains why the slag cement resists the chloride and the sulfate while the fly ash and the silica fume refine the pores: the calcined clay and the limestone cements of the developing world, the fineness and the gypsum optimization of every blend: the volume is the reference where the engineer of the mixing plant verifies the chemistry of the products that the sustainability agendas demand.

7. The Characterisation and the Analytical Methods

The methods chapters of the collection:

• The X-ray diffraction: the qualitative and the quantitative phase analysis (the Rietveld refinement) of the clinker and the hydrate: the powder patterns of the cement phases and the ICSD data: the modern laboratory practice of the cement XRD:
• The microscopy: the optical microscopy of the clinker and the polished sections, the scanning electron microscopy with the microanalysis, the transmission electron microscopy of the hydrates: the sample preparation and the image analysis: the quantification of the microstructure:
• The thermal analysis: the thermogravimetry and the differential scanning calorimetry of the cement: the mass loss of the hydrates, the calcium hydroxide and the carbonate: the quantitative interpretation of the TG curves: the thermal instruments of the modern laboratory:
• The spectroscopy and the surface: the solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance of the silicates, the infrared and the Raman, the Zeta potential and the surface adsorption: the advanced characterisation of the C-S-H: the hyphenation of the methods for the structure:

The analytical chapters are the armature of the researcher: the structure of the cement is measured: the phases by the X-ray, the pore network by the porosimetry, the C-S-H composition by the microscopy and the spectroscopy: the volume is the book of the methods as well as of the facts, and the researcher who closes the volume knows the right instrument for the right question.

The laboratory practice of the methods: the sample preparation is the silent half of the analysis: the grinding of the clinker without the decomposition, the quenching of the hydration for the microscopy, the representative sampling of the silos: the method chapters cover the calibration with the reference materials, the precision of the measurements and the interpretation of the differences between the instruments: the modern plant laboratory organizes its work plans of the X-ray, the TG and the calorimeter in the manners documented by the volume: the characterization of the cement does not live in the single method but in the family of the methods that the book coordinates.

The future of the characterization: the automated laboratory of the modern plant, the online analyzers of the raw mix and the data streaming of the quality systems: the volume’s methods are the basis on which the automation is built, and the chapters explain what each instrument measures and what its limits are: the same methods serve the research of the new binders: the carbonation-cured concrete, the alkali-activated systems and the nanomaterials of the cement are characterized with the instruments of the book: the researcher of the field verifies the hypotheses of the future with the techniques of this reference, and the student learns the entire palette of the cement analysis.

8. The Performance: From the Laboratory to the Service Life

The final chapters of the performance:

• The mechanical performance: the compressive and the flexural strengths, the development with the age: the strength equations and the factors of the composition and the water-cement: the performance targets of the modern codes:
• The transport and the service life: the diffusion, the permeation and the sorptivity: the models of the service life (the Fick, the chloride profiles): the century design of the structures: the probabilistic durability: the specification of the modern concretes:
• The performance monitoring: the in situ testing of the structures, the corrosion monitoring of the reinforcement, the structural health: the monitoring of the concrete performance over the years: the feedback of the field to the models:
• The modelling of the cement: the thermodynamic modelling of the hydration, the phase equilibria of the clinker, the computer models of the microstructure: the digital twin of the pore structure: the modern frontier after the volume: the reader’s bridge to the digital:

The performance chapters connect the structure of the laboratory to the design life of the structure: the engineer of the future designs the concrete with the models of the microstructure and the transport, not only with the tables of the strength: the volume is the readable reference of the transition, and the promise of its title is fulfilled: the complete understanding of the structure as the host of the performance.

The learning path of the volume: the reader begins with the phases of the clinker, builds the hydration and the microstructure, and accumulates the durability chapters into the service-life view: the modern researcher extends the reading with the packages of the cement shelf: the thermodynamic model files and the calculation spreadsheets of the package give the numbers behind the chapters: the course presentations accelerate the first pass and the reference tables of the volume support the practice: the result is the scientific control of the cement: from the atom to the bridge: the complete professional round of the material.

9. The Frequently Asked Questions

Is this book a competitor of the classical textbooks of the cement chemistry?

No, it is their companion: the textbooks (the Lea, the Taylor, the Bye) teach the subject in the ordered form; the Barnes and Bensted volume covers the subject by the chapters of the specialists, with the depth and the research of each phase: the professional library of the cement scientist holds all of them, and the package places the whole shelf together.

What use does the volume offer to the engineer of the plant?

The plant problems (the coating, the alkali cycles, the sulfate, the variable strength) all have their mechanism in these chapters: the plant chemist diagnoses with the structure: the clinker microscopy of the second chapter, the hydration of the third, the durability of the fifth: the engineer of the plant who reads the science sees the failures before the failure repeats: the package, the science of the plant.

The structure of the title: which meaning of the structure does the book treat?

Two complementary meanings: the crystal structure (the phases, the modifications, the lattices) and the microstructure (the paste, the pores, the interfaces): the volume treats the two as one chain, and the performance (the strength and the durability) is the reading of the structure at the engineering scale: the two words of the title are the mechanism of the book in the two volumes.

The mineral phases and the concrete: is the book relevant for the concrete engineer?

Very much: the concrete is the paste, the aggregate and the interface, and the properties of the concrete are the reports of the paste structure: the shrinkage, the creep, the frost and the chloride resistance have the structural explanations of the volume: the book is the foundation of the concrete material science, and the application chapters of the structures: prepare the reader for the practice.

What is the relation of the book with the special inorganic cements of the package?

The two books are complementary: the special systems (the CAC, the CSA, the phosphate) appear as the chapters of this volume and as the dedicated book of the package: the engineer who owns both reads the chapters of the collection for the integrated view and the monograph for the depth of each family: the structure with the performance and the special: the two together complete the shelf.

Which edition of the collection is delivered with the package?

The package volume is the second edition of the Barnes and Bensted (the Spon Press), the current reference of the subject: the fundamentals of the first reach the modernised characterisation and the references of the second: the professional interested verifies the printing of the file after the download: the edition contains the full set of the chapters and the reference tables of the constructing edition.

10. Conclusion

Structure and Performance of Cements: the edited reference of the cement material: the phases and the crystallography, the hydration and the microstructure, the durability and the service life, the methods and the characteristic: the complete architectural picture of the cement science: the volume of the Barnes and Bensted stands at the library level of the material, and the package places it within the reach of the engineer, the scientist and the student: the structure of the cement is the destiny of the concrete: the book of the structure and the performance: the complete reference of the material.

This volume is part of the Complete Cement Technical Package (931 files including the books, the Excel tools, the courses and the presentations, $249.99 one-time, at the PayPal at https://www.paypal.com/ncp/payment/239VDEZDDLWHQ): the library: with the Lea, the Taylor, the Bye and the Odley: the whole of the cement science: the instant download: the lifetime access: the reference of the professional: the cement structure and the performance: the click “Buy the Package”: the complete cement library at once.

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