Products Cement Setting: Complete Technical Guide

The setting of the cement is the visible moment of the hydration: the moment when the fluid paste of the concrete loses its plasticity and begins to carry the load: the builder watches the setting clock because the concrete must stay workable through the transport and the placement, and must stiffen in time for the stripping and the curing: the cement chemist watches the same clock from the inside: the hydration of the clinker minerals, the sulfate balance and the temperature drive the setting curve: the product guide of the 2002 series is the complete manual of this clock: the measurements, the standards, the influencing factors and the field practice: the setting is the first promise that the cement makes, and the guide makes the promise readable.

The Complete Cement Technical Package (931 files including the books, the courses, the Excel tools and the presentations: $249.99 one-time: instant download via the PayPal payment) includes this setting guide with the test methods, the standard tables and the troubleshooting: this article walks the document: the mechanism of the setting, the Vicat test, the standards, the factors of the set and the field practice: the reader closes the page with the full picture of the setting behavior of the cement products.

Why does the setting deserve its own volume of the series? Because the setting time is the property that the construction site verifies first, complains about most and connects to every other quality of the product: the ready-mix plant measures the initial set before the load leaves, the formwork crew works against the final set, and the hot-weather pour of August tests the setting like nothing else: the setting is the visible face of the hydration chemistry: the guide of the package translates the chemistry into the numbers that the plant laboratory certifies and the site foreman checks.

1. The Setting: From the Plastic Paste to the Load-Bearing Solid

The setting is the transition of the cement paste from the plastic state to the rigid state, and the transition is the consequence of the hydration products filling the space between the particles:

• The plastic phase: the fresh paste of the cement and the water is the suspension of the particles in the water: the particles slide, the paste flows and the concrete is placed, vibrated and finished: the workability window of the construction site;
• The stiffening phase: the hydration products, the C-S-H fibers and the ettringite needles, grow from the particle surfaces and bridge the gaps: the paste loses the plasticity: the initial set of the Vicat needle marks the beginning of the rigidity;
• The solidification phase: the bridge network densifies, the particles lock and the paste develops the measurable strength: the final set of the Vicat marks the complete rigidity: the concrete can then be loaded, within the limits of the early strength;
• The distinction from the hardening: the setting is the stiffening, the hardening is the strength gain that continues for the months and the years: the setting is the door, the hardening is the road beyond it: the guide fixes the vocabulary because the site language confuses the two;
• The continuous process: the setting is not a chemical event but the visible threshold of the continuous hydration: the Vicat times are the agreed milestones of the continuous process, not the magic instants: the convention of the standards, understood by the chemist and applied by the site;

The physical picture of the setting is the foundation of the later chapters: the rate of the hydration, the number of the particles and the temperature decide the timing of the milestones: the fine cement sets faster because the small particles react faster, the warm paste sets faster because the reactions accelerate, and the sulfate-steered aluminate keeps the early hours in order: the guide opens the physical picture before the instruments and the numbers, so the engineer reads the setting curve with the mechanism in the mind.

2. The Measurement: The Vicat Test and the Penetration Needle

The setting times of the cement are measured with the Vicat apparatus, the instrument that the world’s standards share: the needle of the apparatus penetrates the cement paste and the penetration depth marks the stages:

• The Vicat apparatus: the frame with the movable rod, the needle and the scale: the instrument of the laboratories since the 19th century, refined and standardized: the same geometry serves the cement, the concrete and the plaster tests of the world;
• The paste preparation: the standard consistency of the paste is found first: the paste that allows the Vicat plunger to settle at the prescribed depth, the normal consistency: all the setting tests run at this fixed consistency, otherwise the comparison is meaningless;
• The initial set: the needle of the initial set, the lighter needle, penetrates to the prescribed shallow depth: the time from the mixing water contact to this penetration is the initial setting time: the beginning of the loss of the workability;
• The final set: the needle of the final set with its annular attachment fails to penetrate visibly: the time of this failure is the final setting time: the complete rigidity of the paste: the number that the formwork planners use;
• The standard methods: the EN 196-3 in Europe and the ASTM C191 in the American practice codify the test with the identical principle and the slightly different geometries: the guide’s comparison table converts the results between the two frames for the export quality work;
• The alternative instruments: the automatic Vicat instruments of the modern laboratories and the Gillmore needles of the ASTM practice offer the parallel measurements: the correlation tables of the guide link the instruments so the plant data stays continuous across the equipment changes;

The Vicat discipline is the foundation of the setting management: the paste consistency, the temperature of the laboratory (the standards prescribe 20 ± 2 °C for the test room and 20 ± 1 °C for the water), the humidity of the storage and the timing of the measurements: each detail of the method shapes the result, and the guide’s checklist of the Vicat routine protects the reproducibility of the plant’s numbers: the setting times of the certificate are only as trustworthy as the method that produced them.

3. The Standards: The Setting Times Required by the World

The setting times of the cement are regulated quantities, and the guide’s table of the standard requirements is the frame of the plant’s quality targets:

Table 1: The setting time requirements of the main standards

Standard	Class / type	Initial set, min (min.)	Final set, max
EN 197-1	CEM 32.5 N	75	12 h (720 min)
EN 197-1	CEM 32.5 R / 42.5 N	60	12 h
EN 197-1	CEM 42.5 R / 52.5 N / 52.5 R	45	12 h
ASTM C150	Type I, II, IV, V	45	375 min (6 h 15 min)
ASTM C150	Type III (high early)	45	375 min
ASTM C595	Blended types	45	420 min

The logic of the limits is the logic of the construction site: the slow classes of the European frame keep the concrete workable for the long transport and the mass pours, the rapid classes tighten the window for the fast-track construction: the American practice sets the single lower bound of 45 minutes for the initial set and the single upper bound of 6 hours 15 minutes for the final: the plant operating under either frame holds its production inside the limits with the margin policy, and the certificate of the dispatch quotes the measured times against the legal minima: the table is the legal frame of the setting chapter, and the quality systems of the plants print it on the quality manual’s first pages.

The margin practice follows the statistics: the plant with the initial set averaging 100 minutes and the standard deviation of 15 minutes keeps the 3-sigma lower bound at 55 minutes, comfortably above the 45-minute minimum: the margin policy of the guide prescribes the statistical distance from the legal limit, and the plant adjusts the sulfate and the fineness targets until the margin is achieved: the setting times are not left to the chance of the day: they are the planned properties of the product, engineered with the chemistry and protected with the statistics.

4. The Hydration Behind the Clock: The Chemistry of the First Hours

The setting curve is the handwriting of the clinker minerals, and the guide’s chemistry chapter reads the handwriting mineral by mineral:

• The C3S (alite): the main mineral of the clinker, 55 to 65% of the ordinary Portland clinker: hydrates within the first hours producing the C-S-H and the lime: the main engine of the early strength and the main contributor to the setting structure: the alite hydration dominates the setting curve of the ordinary cement;
• The C3A (aluminate): the fast reactor of the clinker: without the sulfate control it reacts within the minutes and flashes the paste: with the sulfate it forms the ettringite shell and behaves: the aluminate is the variable of the setting control, steered by the gypsum of the mill;
• The C2S (belite): the slow reactor of the clinker: hydrates over the weeks and the months: contributes little to the setting of the first hours but much to the 28-day and the later strength: the long-distance runner of the hydration;
• The C4AF (ferrite): the iron phase hydrates with the rates between the alite and the belite: its contribution to the setting is modest: the ferrite gains importance in the low-aluminate cements where it partially substitutes the aluminate reactions;
• The sulfate partner: the gypsum and the alkali sulfates steer the aluminate: the sulfate balance of the previous volume of the series decides the shape of the setting curve: the setting and the sulfate are one story told in the two volumes;
• The hydration products: the C-S-H gel and the ettringite needles form the structure of the setting: the volume of the products, the morphology and the interlocking determine the rigidity milestones: the chemistry of the products is the physics of the needle;

The mineral chemistry explains the observed behavior of the products: the cement with the higher C3S content sets earlier and strengthens earlier, the cement with the higher C3A needs the careful sulfate matching, the blended cements with the slag and the pozzolan set more slowly because the clinker minerals are diluted: the plant’s product range, from the rapid CEM I 52.5 R to the slow CEM III with the 65% slag, is the spectrum of the mineral chemistry: the setting guide teaches the spectrum and the sales engineer sells it with the numbers.

5. The Fineness and the Setting: The Surface Area Effect

The fineness is the second great dial of the setting: the finer the cement, the larger the reaction surface and the faster the hydration of the first hours:

• The reaction surface: the hydration happens at the particle surfaces: the Blaine fineness of 280 m²/kg exposes a fraction of the surface of the 450 m²/kg cement: the finer product reacts faster and sets earlier: the surface is the throttle of the reaction;
• The early setting: the high-early cements of the 450 to 550 m²/kg Blaine reach the initial set in the 45 to 90 minutes, while the slow general-purpose cements at 300 m²/kg require the 120 to 200 minutes: the fineness window of the product range spans the doubling of the setting time;
• The C3S exposure: the finer grinding exposes the alite surface preferentially and the early hydration accelerates: the fineness and the mineral composition combine: the fine cement with the high C3S is the fastest setter of the range;
• The water demand link: the finer cement demands more mixing water for the workability, and the extra water slows the setting: the net effect of the fineness on the setting is the balance of the surface acceleration and the water dilution: the guide’s discussion of the two competing effects explains the field observations;
• The residue role: the 45-micron residue measures the coarse tail: the coarse particles hydrate over the weeks and contribute little to the setting: the residue is the long-term reservoir, and its share in the distribution shapes the balance of the early and the late behavior;
• The grinding control: the plant steers the setting partly through the mill: the fineness target of each product, set by the quality department, carries the setting consequences: the fineness and the setting targets are set together in the product validation, never separately;

The fineness section connects the setting volume to the grindability volume of the series: the grinding decisions of the mill floor are the setting decisions of the laboratory: the guide’s product validation protocol runs the full matrix of the fineness and the sulfate for each new product, and the resulting operating window covers both the strength and the setting: the plant that validates the products in the matrix avoids the field surprises that the single-variable testing invites.

6. The Temperature: The Master Dial of the Setting

The temperature accelerates or retards every chemical reaction of the hydration, and the setting is the most visible thermometer of the cement behavior: the guide’s temperature chapter covers the mechanism and the practice:

Table 2: The effect of the temperature on the setting of a typical 42.5 cement

Temperature of the concrete	Typical initial set	Typical final set	Field situation
5 °C (cold weather)	8 – 12 h	20 – 30 h	Winter pours, night placements
10 °C	5 – 8 h	12 – 18 h	Spring and autumn mornings
20 °C	2 – 4 h	5 – 7 h	The standard condition of the test
30 °C	1.5 – 2.5 h	3.5 – 5 h	Hot summer placements
40 °C (hot weather)	1 – 1.5 h	2.5 – 3.5 h	Desert sites, mass heat

The table is the practical map of the thermal setting: the rule of the thumb of the industry, the setting time roughly halves with every 10 degrees of the temperature rise in the low range: the cold weather of the winter demands the heated mixing water, the insulated forms and the accelerator admixtures, while the hot weather of the desert demands the chilled water, the ice in the mixing, the retarder admixtures and the night placements: the cement plant cannot change the weather, but its products and its advice serve both worlds: the guide’s temperature chapter includes the correction curves for the site prediction of the setting from the concrete temperature, the instrument that the ready-mix dispatchers use to time the deliveries.

The heat of hydration deserves its paragraph: the setting reactions release the heat, and the mass concrete retains it: the core of the large foundations can rise 30 to 40 degrees above the ambient, accelerating the setting of the interior and risking the thermal cracking: the guide’s mass-concrete section prescribes the low-heat cements for the massive elements, the water-cement ratio discipline and the temperature monitoring: the setting of the mass concrete is the engineering of the temperature gradient: the plant’s low-heat product range, the CEM III and the low-C3A cements, is the market answer of this engineering.

7. The Admixtures: The Chemistry of the External Control

The construction site controls the setting with the chemical admixtures, and the cement chemist must understand the chemistry that his product meets in the mixer:

• The retarders: the admixtures that delay the hydration: the sugars, the lignosulfonates and the hydroxycarboxylic acids: the hot-weather transport, the long-distance deliveries and the large slabs use them: the retardation of the alite and the aluminate hydration extends the workability window;
• The accelerators: the admixtures that hasten the hydration: the calcium chloride (banned in the reinforced concrete for the corrosion risk), the chloride-free accelerators based on the calcium nitrate and the alkanolamines: the cold-weather construction and the fast-track repairs use them;
• The set-controlling mechanism: the retarders adsorb on the hydration surfaces and slow the nucleation of the products, the accelerators promote the nucleation and the dissolution: the admixture chemistry is the external hand on the same reactions that the gypsum steers internally;
• The compatibility question: the admixtures interact with the cement composition: the same retarder dose that works with one plant’s cement can flash with another: the compatibility testing of the admixtures against the plant’s products is the mandatory practice of the ready-mix plants: the guide’s compatibility protocol covers the paste and the mortar screening;
• The superplasticizers: the water reducers that shape the workability without the added water: their interaction with the sulfate balance is subtle: the polycarboxylate superplasticizers are sensitive to the sulfate adsorption: the guide’s chapter on the superplasticizer-cement interaction is the most cited section of the volume by the ready-mix chemists;
• The admixture overdosing: the overdosed retarder delays the setting for the days and endangers the strength development: the site practice of the correct dosing and the withdrawal of the overdosed concrete: the guide’s emergency section covers the diagnosis and the handling;

The admixture chapter is the meeting point of the cement plant and the construction chemistry: the product leaves the silo with its validated setting behavior, and the site modifies the behavior with the external chemistry: the cement supplier who understands the modification serves the client with the compatibility advice and the product selection: the setting guide of the package turns the chemical collisions of the mixer into the engineered choices of the concrete producer.

8. The Setting Anomalies: The Flash Set, the False Set and the Delayed Set

The setting anomalies are the complaints of the construction sites, and the guide’s diagnostic section is the manual of the complaint handling:

• The flash set: the rapid chemical stiffening caused by the uncontrolled aluminate reaction: the sulfate shortage of the product or the binder in the pore water: the paste heats and hardens within the minutes, the concrete cannot be placed: the cause: the insufficient gypsum, the wrong gypsum form or the high-temperature grinding damage;
• The false set: the physical stiffening from the dehydrated gypsum: the mill overheating converts the gypsum to the soluble anhydrite and the hemihydrate: the paste thickens without the heat and recovers with the re-mixing: the cause is the mill temperature, not the chemistry of the clinker;
• The delayed set: the anomalously long setting: the causes range from the contamination of the cement with the zinc or the lead compounds, the organic materials and the sugar in the mixing water, to the low temperature of the concrete and the over-retardation: the diagnosis tree of the guide separates the causes with the simple tests;
• The contamination cases: the industrial sites contaminate the mixing water or the aggregates: the zinc, the lead and the copper compounds are the powerful retarders: the guide’s case studies of the contamination investigations are the field stories of the volume;
• The diagnosis protocol: the temperature measurement of the paste, the re-mixing test, the paste chemistry and the concrete temperature: the four tests of the protocol identify the anomaly class: the guide’s decision tree routes the symptom to the cause and the cause to the remedy;
• The documentation: the complaint files of the guide record the sample, the tests and the resolution: the plants that document the setting complaints build the experience library of their products and their markets: the archive of the anomalies is the training material of the quality and the sales teams;

The anomaly chapter is the crisis manual of the setting management: the flash set and the false set are the product problems that the plant must catch in its own laboratory, and the delayed set is the site problem that the plant must diagnose with the client: the guide’s tests are simple enough for the field and precise enough for the laboratory: the plant that runs the diagnostic protocol answers the client’s complaint with the evidence instead of the defensiveness, and the complaint becomes the improved relationship.

9. The Setting in the Concrete Practice: The Site Clock

The site runs its own clock, and the guide’s practice chapter aligns the laboratory times with the realities of the construction:

• The transport window: the ready-mix truck delivers within the initial set window: the mixing drum keeps rotating and the chemical retardation may extend the window: the dispatcher schedules the loads against the setting behavior of the cement and the traffic of the day;
• The placement window: the concrete must be placed, vibrated and finished before the initial set: the late loads returned and the cold joints of the interrupted pours are the costs of the mismanaged clock: the guide’s scheduling tables support the dispatchers of the ready-mix plants;
• The formwork stripping: the final set and the early strength decide the stripping time: the typical practice strips the walls at the 8 to 12 hours with the 2 to 5 MPa strength, the slabs later: the stripping tables of the guide convert the cement class and the temperature into the stripping plan;
• The curing start: the curing must begin before the evaporation wins: the exposed surfaces of the fresh concrete lose the water and the hydration stops: the initial and the final set mark the window of the curing start: the guide’s curing chapter ties the setting clock to the moisture discipline;
• The hot-weather practice: the night placements, the chilled mix and the sun protection: the setting clock of the desert sites is managed with the temperature control before the admixtures: the practical chapter of the guide covers the complete hot-weather toolkit;
• The cold-weather practice: the heated water, the insulated forms and the acceleration: the setting clock of the winter sites slows to the hours and the concrete must be protected until the strength resists the frost: the guide’s cold-weather chapter follows the same structure as the hot one;

The practice chapter is the translation of the chemistry into the site economics: the setting times of the certificate become the scheduling of the trucks, the stripping of the forms and the start of the curing: the cement plant that teaches its sales engineers the practice chapter serves the clients with the operational advice, and the clients remember the supplier who solved the August problem: the setting knowledge is the commercial capital of the plant, spent wisely in the service of the site.

10. The Setting and the Product Range: The Classes of the Market

The product range of the plant is the spectrum of the setting behaviors, and the guide maps the classes to the applications:

• The rapid products (CEM I 52.5 R, Type III): the initial set of 45 to 90 minutes, the high early strength: the fast-track construction, the repairs, the precast plants with the heat curing and the emergency works: the products of the speed;
• The standard products (CEM I 42.5, Type I): the initial set of 90 to 150 minutes: the general construction of the world: the balance of the workability and the strength that the majority of the sites require: the workhorses of the range;
• The slow products (CEM I 32.5, CEM III, CEM IV): the initial set of 150 to 300 minutes: the mass concrete, the long transports and the low-heat requirements: the slag and the pozzolanic cements set slowly because the clinker share is reduced: the products of the patience;
• The sulfate-resisting products: the low-C3A compositions set somewhat differently, the aluminate reaction reduced: the setting of the SR products is steered with the sulfate and the fineness: the products of the aggressive environments with their own validation;
• The white cement: the iron-free clinker sets within the similar windows with the fineness often above the grey range: the decorative applications of the white cement work with the setting of the mortar and the tile adhesives: the niche validation of the range;
• The blended and the composite products: the CEM II and the CEM V combinations with the limestone, the slag and the fly ash: each blend carries its validated setting window: the product validation matrix of the guide covers the complete range with the setting, the strength and the sulfate columns;

The product range section is the commercial face of the setting chemistry: the application tables of the guide assign the classes to the construction types, the climate zones and the placement practices: the sales engineer of the plant reads the client’s application and recommends the class: the setting behavior is the first technical filter of the product selection, and the range map of the guide is the filter’s printed form.

11. The Laboratory Control of the Setting: The Daily Routine

The plant laboratory holds the setting clock of the production, and the guide’s control chapter documents the daily discipline:

• The hourly and the daily tests: the setting times of the production samples measured at the fixed frequencies: the hourly composite of the mill product and the daily composite of the dispatch silo: the trend chart of the setting against the product target;
• The temperature control of the laboratory: the test room at 20 ± 2 °C and the mixing water at 20 ± 1 °C: the temperature discipline of the Vicat method: the seasonal drift of the laboratory itself is the first enemy of the reproducibility;
• The consistency check: the standard paste consistency verified with every series: the water demand of the cement shifts with the fineness and the storage: the normal consistency of the day found fresh for the setting tests of the day;
• The correlation with the plant parameters: the setting results correlated with the SO3, the fineness and the temperature of the day’s production: the multiple regression models of the guide predict the setting from the process variables: the prediction is the early warning of the laboratory;
• The referee samples: the retained samples of the dispatch silos stored for the three months: the client disputes and the internal investigations run on the retained material: the archive of the setting evidence;
• The proficiency schemes: the inter-laboratory comparison programs verify the plant’s Vicat technique against the peers: the certified laboratories of the industry participate annually: the guide’s section on the proficiency testing positions the plant’s laboratory in the community of the measurement;

The control routine closes the loop of the setting management: the measurement, the prediction and the archive: the plant that measures the setting hourly catches the drift of the sulfate or the fineness before the dispatch, the plant that predicts from the process variables anticipates the day’s product and the plant that archives the samples defends its certificate: the setting control is the discipline of the numbers, and the guide’s forms and the charts are the instruments of the discipline.

12. The Setting in the Next Hours: From the Set to the Strength

The setting is the threshold of the strength development, and the guide closes the technical core with the bridge to the next volume of the series:

• The early strength: the hours after the final set bring the first strength: the 12-hour and the 24-hour tests of the rapid products and the precast practice: the concrete that strips at the morning shift needs the setting and the early strength of the previous evening;
• The strength curve: the setting clock feeds the strength clock: the C-S-H structure that locked the paste carries the load of the ages: the strength development curves of the next volume of the series are the continuation of the setting story;
• The test bridge: the same mortar samples of the setting tests continue to the strength tests: the laboratory workflow connects the Vicat measurements to the prism testing: the single sample set, the two certifications;
• The curing effect: the strength of the concrete depends on the curing that followed the setting: the moisture and the temperature of the first week shape the long-term numbers: the setting-to-curing chain is the strength chapter’s opening;
• The product prediction: the setting times and the early strength jointly predict the behavior of the product in the client’s schedule: the dispatch advice of the plant combines the two clocks: the setting guide hands the story to the strength volume with the same vocabulary and the same discipline;

The bridge section is the series architecture: the products volumes of the 2002 set form the complete manual of the cement behavior: the sulfates, the setting and the strength development read as the chapters of the single book: the engineer of the package owns the book, and the client of the plant receives the benefit: the setting is the door of the strength, and the guide opens the door with the key of the measured chemistry.

13. Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between the setting time and the hardening?

The setting is the loss of the plasticity, the hardening is the gain of the strength: the setting happens in the hours, the hardening continues for the months and the years: the Vicat needle measures the setting, the compression tests measure the hardening: the two properties follow from the same hydration but answer the different questions of the site: the setting is the clock of the placement, the hardening is the clock of the loading.

Why does the same cement set faster in the summer?

The hydration reactions accelerate with the temperature: the concrete mixed at 30 °C reacts roughly twice as fast as the concrete at 20 °C: the initial set of the summer pour can halve: the ready-mix plants of the hot climates manage the effect with the chilled mix water, the ice, the retarder admixtures and the night placements: the cement itself is the same; the clock of the chemistry follows the temperature of the mix.

Can the plant make its cement set slower on request?

Within the limits: the sulfate addition, the fineness and the clinker composition are the plant’s dials: the product can be tuned toward the slower setting with the reduced fineness and the adjusted sulfate, and the standards cap the extent of the tuning at the class boundaries: beyond the cement chemistry, the site controls the setting with the admixtures and the temperature: the plant’s answer to the “slower set” request is the product selection plus the admixture advice.

What should the site do when the concrete sets too fast in the mixer?

Stop adding the water and never re-temper beyond the specification: the diagnosis of the cause comes first: the flash set of the chemistry or the false set of the physical stiffening: the temperature of the mix and the re-mixing test distinguish the two: the concrete already flashed in the drum must be rejected from the structure, while the false-set batch may recover with the continued mixing: the protocol of the guide protects both the structure and the economics of the site.

How are the setting times of the blended cements compared with the pure Portland?

The blended cements set more slowly on average because the clinker share is diluted: the CEM III with the 60% slag commonly sets 1.5 to 2 times slower than the CEM I of the same strength class: the standards fix the same minimum limits for the blends, and the plants validate the blends against the limits with the same Vicat discipline: the slower setting of the blends is the feature, not the defect: the low heat and the slow early strength serve the mass structures, and the site plans the placement and the stripping against the validated times of the product certificate.

14. Conclusion

The setting of the cement: the visible threshold of the hydration: the Vicat needle, the mineral chemistry, the fineness, the sulfate, the temperature and the admixtures: the guide of the 2002 series maps the mechanism and the numbers: the standard limits, the temperature tables and the anomaly diagnoses: the plant certifies the setting with the measured discipline and the site plans the placement with the certified numbers: the setting is the first promise of the cement, and the guide makes the promise readable, the clock predictable and the complaints solvable.

The Complete Cement Technical Package includes the setting guide with the Vicat methods, the standard tables and the temperature curves: the 931 files, the one-time $249.99, the instant download: the clock of the package: the setting of the plant, measured and mastered: the deliveries of the site, scheduled with the numbers: the cement of the range, certified with the confidence.

This file is part of the Complete Cement Technical Package (931 files) available from cementequipment.org. Respective rights holders; library copy for the licensed single user.