Materials Handling Handbook Nd Edition: Complete Guide & Dow

The materials handling handbook covers the unglamorous half of the cement plant, the half that moves everything: the belt conveyors that carry the limestone from the quarry, the bucket elevators that lift the hot clinker, the screw conveyors, the air slides, the pneumatic systems, the apron feeders, the silo extraction and the dozens of transfer points that connect the process machines into a plant: the materials handling equipment carries more tonnes per day than any kiln or mill it feeds, and its failures stop the plant as surely as the kiln failure: the handbook is the reference of the conveyor engineering in the cement context: the capacities, the speeds, the power, the selection, the maintenance and the dust control of the material flow.

The Complete Cement Technical Package (931 files including this handbook, the books, the Excel tools, the courses and the presentations: $249.99 one-time: instant download via the PayPal payment) includes the materials handling handbook with its tables, its selection guides and its worked examples: this article walks the coverage: the bulk material properties, the belt conveyors and their capacity arithmetic, the bucket elevators, the screw conveyors, the air slides, the pneumatic conveying, the feeders, the chutes and the transfer points, the selection procedure and the maintenance: the reader of the article finishes with the map of the material flow, and the handbook provides the numbers for every reach of the map.

Why a whole handbook for the material flow: the cement plant is a continuous machine of the solids movement: from the morning of the quarry to the truck of the dispatch, the tonne of the product crosses a dozen machines, and the flow must never stop, never spill and never segregate: the handling equipment is also the second largest consumer of the plant’s electric power after the grinding, and the wear of the handling parts (the belts, the buckets, the screws, the chutes) is the chronic maintenance load of the plant: the second edition of the handbook updates the classic text with the modern equipment, the energy-efficient drives and the strict dust control of the present day: this article follows its structure: the material first, the machines second, the arithmetic third, the practice last.

1. The Bulk Material Properties: The Ground Rules of the Flow

The conveyor engineering begins with the material, not with the machine: every bulk material of the cement plant has the density, the angle of repose, the flowability and the abrasiveness that decide the whole design: the handbook opens with the property tables:

• The bulk density: the loose density of the material in the conveyor: the crushed limestone at 1,400–1,600 kg/m³, the raw meal at 1,000–1,200 kg/m³, the pulverized cement at 900–1,300 kg/m³ (it aerates), the clinker at 1,300–1,500 kg/m³, the gypsum at 1,300–1,500 kg/m³: the density is the link between the volume flow, which the conveyor actually moves, and the mass flow, which the plant actually pays for;
• The angle of repose and the surcharge angle: the angle of repose is the slope the material forms when it piles (the limestone about 30–40°, the cement about 20–30° in the motion): the surcharge angle within the conveyor cross section is smaller: both angles decide the cross-sectional area that a conveyor of a given width can carry;
• The flowability and the aeration: the fine powders (the cement, the raw meal, the fly ash) fluidize with the air: they flow easily but also behave like liquids: the floods of the cement are the classic silo problem: the coarse and the sticky materials (the wet clay, the filter cake) move only with the vigorous equipment;
• The abrasiveness and the temperature: the clinker at 100–200°C and the hot meal at 800±°C wear the chutes and the belts and reach the limits of the carrying media; the hot materials demand the special belts, the special buckets and the metallic protection;

The property tables of the handbook carry the numbers for every material of the cement route, and the chapter teaches the first rule of the handling design: never specify the belt without the material test data: the density, the moisture, the angle and the tangles define the machine, and the second handbook’s worksheets make the connection explicit: the property first, the machine after.

2. The Belt Conveyor: The Workhorse of the Cement Plant

The belt conveyor is the longest machine of the cement plant: the single line can run kilometers from the quarry to the crusher stockpile: the belt is a continuous rubber and fabric loop over the carrying idlers, driven at one end by the head pulley, and the material rides on the troughed belt:

• The belt construction: the carcass of the woven fabric (the EP, the polyester-nylon) for the short lines and the steel cord for the long and the high-tension lines: the belt width of 800–1,600 mm covers the cement duties, and the covers of the rubber protect the carcass from the abrasion of the material and the impact at the loading;
• The idlers: the carrying idlers form the trough (20–45 degrees) under the belt, at the spacing of 1.0–1.5 m on the carrying side and 2–3 m on the return: the idlers at the loading area are the impact idlers with the rubber rings;
• The speed: the main conveying speeds run 2–3.5 m/s for the heavy materials and up to 4–5 m/s on the long and the high lines: the dimension of the belt and the volume: the material must not bounce or spill on the loop;
• The capacity arithmetic: the classic formula is the basis of every belt: Q = 3.6 × A × v × ρ, where Q is the tonnes per hour, A the cross-sectional area of the material on the belt (m²), v the belt speed (m/s) and ρ the bulk density (t/m³): the area A for a given belt width follows the troughing and the surcharge angle, and the handbook’s tables give the values so the engineer reads the area instead of rediscovering the geometry;

An example from the tables: to carry 1,000 t/h of the crushed limestone at 2.5 m/s: the required area A = 1,000 / (3.6 × 2.5 × 1,500) = 0.074 m²: the table: a 1,200 mm belt at 30–35 degrees troughing with the surcharge 10–15° provides about 0.085–0.09 m²: the check passes: the engineer reads the table row by row: the belt width, the speed, the capacity and the density all on the row together, and the selection is minutes instead of hours.

3. The Power of the Belt Conveyor: The Tension and the Drive

Every conveyor keeps its power away from the friction of the idlers, the sag of the belt, the lift of the material and the losses of the accessories, and the power calculation is the heart of the conveyor chapter:

• The friction of the empty belt: the rolling resistance of the belt over the idlers, proportional to the belt length and the mass: the standard friction factor of the calculation (about 0.02–0.03 of the equivalent mass) covers the empty run;
• The friction of the load: the resistance of the carried material over the idlers: the same factor applied to the mass of the material;
• The lift / the drop: the vertical lift of the material (the positive power) or the natural descent (the negative power that can drive the conveyor and the risks of the uncontrolled runaway: the holding brakes of the inclined lines);
• The drive and the tension: the belt must hold the material through the friction against the pulleys: the wrap angle and the friction coefficients determine the tension: the head and the tail stations with the pulleys and the snub: the belt tension is checked against the seam, the strength of the carcass and the belt at the flexing points;

The handbook’s Excel helper (one of the calculators of the package) does the arithmetic: the user fills the length, the lift, the capacity, the width and the speed, and reads the belt power, the tensions, the take-up weight and the selection of the drive: the Excel result is then checked against the practical rules of the tables: the power per meter of the belt, the belt speeds: the second handbook also covers the drives (the gear motors and the torque as they pass) and the brakes of the long descending: the power of the belt is not a mystery: it is the sum of the four terms, and the handbook makes the sum a routine.

4. The Bucket Elevator: The Vertical Highway of the Material

When the material must rise, the bucket elevator is the classic solution: the vertical or the inclined chain or belt carrying the buckets that scoop the material at the bottom and empty it by the centrifugal or the continuous discharge at the top:

• The centrifugal discharge: the buckets run at the speed (1.0–1.5 m/s typical: the material is thrown by the centrifugal force at the head wheel into the discharge chute: the coarse and the free-flowing materials (the limestone, the clinker, the sand);
• The continuous discharge: the buckets run slower (0.4–0.8 m/s) and the material flows over the lip of the preceding bucket: the gentle method for the fragile and the fine materials, and the standard of the cement and the fines handling;
• The bucket types: the deep buckets with the rounded bottoms for the coarse, the shallow for the fine, the rounded front for the continuous: the chain vs the belt: the chain for the heavy and the hot, the belt for the moderate;
• The feeding: the elevator is fed by the chute into the boot, and the worst enemy is the overfeeding: the elevator that is loaded above its capacity blocks: the boot must catch the lumps below the chain and the protection interlocks the feed;

The capacity arithmetic of the elevator: Q = V × n × f × ρ × dumped volume, the buckets at the pitch, the filling factor (70–90%), the density: the handbook tables the bucket sizes vs the capacity: e.g. the 800 kg/m³ cement at the discharge velocity of 0.6 m/s with the bucket volume of 3 litres at a 400 mm pitch delivers about 70–90 t/h: the same width of the clinker elevator moves at 3/4 of the volume but the density doubles the tonnes: the clinker elevator of the plant is the hot specialist: the chain of the remarkable, the buckets wear, and the elevator installs the relief of the boot in the long: the elevators of the package: they have their full physics chapter.

5. The Screw Conveyor: The Universal Movement of the Medium Duty

The screw conveyor (the auger) is the small and the medium workhorse: the rotating helix inside the trough that pushes the material along the axis: the screw of the cement plant moves everything from the mill discharge to the filter dust:

• The capacity equation: Q = 60 × π/4 × Do² × s × n × ψ × ρ, where D is the screw diameter, s the pitch (typically 0.8–1.0 of the diameter), n the rotational share (30–90 rpm depending on the material), ψ the filling factor (15–45%: the screws is underfilled by design: the gravity of the inclined and the horizontal differ) and ρ the density: the practical throughput of the screw is modest compared to the belt, and the screws are the short-and-slow solution:
• The wear: the screw and the trough wear, the abrasive materials kill the screws (the clinker in the screw without the liner needs a ceramic or the replaceable wear: the longer the screw, the more the bearing supports and the oiling: the hanging bearings are the classic weak point);
• The feed control: the screws also double as the feeders that proportion (the weigh feeder: the screw extracts the material under the silo with the controlled speed): the feeder screws and the conveyor screws differ in the pitch: the feeder runs the variable pitch (the compression pitch) to even the extraction;

The screw is not the machine for the long distance: beyond about 30–50 m the belt or the air slide wins; but for the short, the metered and the enclosed movement (the dosage, the dust return, the mill feed), the screw has no rival: the handbook’s tables give the standard diameters (200–600 mm) and the revolutions with the capacities, and the wear charts guide the replacement: the humblest machine of the plant deserves the humblest chapter: the screw is in it, and the reader who knows the screw knows the under-floor network of the plant.

6. The Air Slide: The Fluidized Highway of the Powder

For the fine and the airy materials (the raw meal, the cement), the air slide is the transporting favorite: the inclined channel with the porous bottom cloth, through which the low-pressure air flows upward: the air lifts the powder into the fluidized, inclined state and the powder flows downhill on the air itself:

• The gradient: the air slide runs at the modest inclination of 4–8 degrees (about 6%): the fluidized cement behaves like a liquid and flows at the angle: the steeper the slide, the faster the flow and the higher the capacity;
• The air supply: the low-pressure air (the fans at 3–5 kPa) through the porous cloth, with the air volume of roughly 1,000–1,500 Nm³/h per square meter of the cloth (the standard figure: the higher for the steeper and the coarser);
• The capacity: the fluidized layer of the cement: 50–150 t/h per meter width of the slide at the 4–6°: the dew point and the moisture are the enemies: the moisture collapses the fluidization and the slide become a sandbox: the air of the slide must be dried or the plant pays the jam;
• The economical transport: the air slide transports the powder without the moving parts except the cloth and the fan: the maintenance is minuscule, the power per tonne is low, and the slides are the standard for the silo extraction to the packers and the raw meal to the kiln feed: the “air slide” carries the cement the last 20 meters to the packer; the loss of its air is the loss of the packing

The air slide is the engineering lesson of the whole handling: the material behaves like the liquid when it is fluidized, and the whole art of the powder handling is the art of giving the powder the shape it wants: the handbook’s air slide chapter gives the cloth selection, the plenum chambers, the air volumes and the moisture control: the sum of the chapter: the air slide is cheap to buy, cheap to run and merciless to the careless: the moisture never forgives the air slide.

7. The Pneumatic Conveying: The Powder in the Pipeline

When the equipment cannot be fixed on the route, the powder goes through the pipeline: the pneumatic conveying moves the cement and the fly ash with the air stream, at the speeds and the a (the phases of the dust):

• The dilute phase: the material suspended in a fast air stream (20–35 m/s typical) at the concentration of 1–10 kg of material per kg of air: the low: the energy hungry (the velocities are high) but the flexible routing: the standard for the cement and the fly ash delivery to the silos;
• The dense phase: the material pushed as pistons or the dunes in the slower stream (3–10 m/s) at the high concentration (20–100 kg/kg): the low energy and the low wear, but the more complex systems (the pressure vessels, the blowing) and the higher the pressure the pipes: the dense phase is the modern choice for the long and the abrasive powders;
• The pressure and the vacuum: the pressure systems push from the single point to the many silos; the combustion the pneumatic systems pull from the many to the center: the cement plant uses both: the pressure for the kiln feed, the vacuum for the unloading:
• The power and the air: the pneumatic systems consume the compressor air at the rates of the 4–20 Nm³ per tonne of the material: the power per tonne is high compared to the mechanical row: the pneumatic is the last choice for the routine (the belt/slide wins on the power) and the first choice where the machines cannot reach:

The pneumatic chapter of the handbook gives the velocity tables (the “saltation” velocity below which the powder settles in the pipeline and blocks), the air requirement of the pressure vessel, the wear of the bends (the ceramic-lined and the blind-T) and the filters at the destination: the pneumatic systems are the invisible veins of the plant, and their chapter the flows the same weight as the chains and the belts: the air can carry the tonne, it must only be charged.

8. The Feeders and the Reclaim: The Dispensers of the Material Flow

Before every process machine there is a feeder: the device that extracts the material from the silo or the stockpile and delivers it at the metered rate into the belt, the mill, the crusher: the feeders are the accountants of the flow:

• The apron feeder: the heavy pans on the chain that carry the abrasive and the lumpy materials (the primary crusher feed, the clinker): the apron is the brutalist of the feeders, slow and unbreakable: the speed 0.05–0.3 m/s;
• The vibrating feeder: the pan vibrated by the oscillators, moving the material in the flicking motion: the good for the stream rate over the wide bin outlets;
• The weigh feeders: the belt feeders with the weighing system that deliver the prescribed tonnes per hour: the raw mill proportions and the cement mill recipes run on the weigh feeders: the sensors: the weighing cell or the nuclear: the calibration is the trust of the whole mass account;
• The reclaim systems: the stockpiles are the round or the longitudinal: the reclaim pulls from the preblend: the portal scraper, the bucket wheel, the front-end loader in the small: the reclaim quantity and the homogenizing effect are the design: the portal scraper passes the whole route and mixes the layers;

The feeder is the controller of the flow: the conveyor and the mill and the kiln take what the feeder gives, and the feeder functions decide the constancy of the whole process: the handbook’s chapter covers the feeder selection by the capacity, the lump size and the accuracy demands, and the weigh feeder calibration chapter is the quiet but the critical between the raw and the product: the accuracy of the feed is the accuracy of the book of the plant.

9. The Chutes and the Transfer Points: The Dust and the Impact

Every time the material leaves one machine and boards the next, it passes a spout, and the spout is the place of the two chronic ills of the handling: the chute blocking and the dust escape:

• The design of the chute: the chute angle must exceed the angle of the repose of the material (the cement 45–55 degrees but the smooth and steep): the impact at the belly ends complicates: the material arrives at the velocity of the belt (2–4 m/s) and the point of the impact must absorb the energy: the dead-boxes, the rock boxes and the “hood and the spoon” transfers protect the belts from the cutting at the impact;
• The dust at the transfer: the falling stream of the material pulls the air with it: the induced air carries the fine dust that vents at the transfer enclosure: the extraction hoods are connected to the dust collectors (the small bag filters of the bag filter guidebook of the package), the shrouds of the belts and the splash at the drop: the dust of the transfer points is the classic complaint of the neighborhood;
• The wear: the chutes the abrasive the materials: the ceramic tiles and the liner plates at the wear zones: the replaceable liners extend the chute life from the months to the years, and the inspection opening lets the crew see the liner as the belt keeps running;
• The blocked-chute detection: the chute probes and the flap switches stop the feeding belt when the chute too much: the blocked chute under the flow is the belt spill and the pile: the interlocks are the standard of the new plants;

The transfer point is the connecting line of the handling network and the prime suspect of every plant’s dust problem and every plant’s safety incident: the handbook’s transfer chapter mirrors the new design: the rock boxes, the skirting, the sealing strips and the dust extraction: the modern transfer is a machine in itself, and the second handbook treats it as one: the transfer of the tonne is the transfer of the dust: the two are counted together.

10. The dust control of the materials: the route of the captive dust

The material handling is the dust department of the plant: the cement cannot be moved without the wind: the dust of the handling is captured and returned, and the route of the dust is designed with the same care as the route of the stone:

• The primary capture: the dust at the source: the enclosures at the transfer points, the hopper hoods, the covers over the slivers and the curtain systems on the stockpiles:
• The secondary capture: the dust extraction networks: the hoods under the belt, the vacuums, the baghouse filters on the silos and the classification: each extraction network has the fan, the filter and the return: the “collecting conveyor” of the filter returns the dust to the process: the plant that controls the dust at the handling level keeps the filters of the mills and the kiln the better outcome:
• The water and the sprays: the road and the stockpile dust: the dust suppressants and the night control: the sprays in the clinker for the compaction and the drill: the balance of the water and the drying is the years of the stations;
• The safety of the dust: the combustible dust (the coal, the coke in the silos) requires the explosion vented and the inerting the coal handling: the dust is not only the dirt, it is a fuel: the handling of the coal is the special dangers of the handling chapters:

The dust discipline of the handbook: the plant that plans the dust route from the drawing stage is the plant that passes the environmental review: the dust is not a waste of the handling: it is a part of the flow, and the flow of the dust must have its belt and its filter: the total dust of the plant can be several percent of the throughput, and the return of that dust is the return of the money: the dust chapters of the handbook are the partner of the bag filter guidebook of the package.

11. The Automation and the Interlocks of the Handling: The Control Set of the Flow

The materials handling of the modern plant is run by the control system, and the handling design is inseparable from the automation design:

• The start-up sequencer: the conveyors start against the flow: the last belt first, the first belt last, so nothing piles when the sequence opens: the downstream first: the stop sequence is with the flow, so the lines empty correctly: the sequence is the first lesson of the control room;
• The tripping and the detection: the belt misalignment switches, the pull cord (the emergency rope), the chute blockage probes, the metal detectors at the crushers, the belt speed monitors and the slip sensors: each interlock is the protection of the people and the machine, and the handbook lists the standard set per conveyor line;
• The level and the flow control: the level probes of the silos and the hoppers, the dimensions of the feeder loops with the return speeds: the plant control: the loops the load of the machine;
• The condition monitoring: the vibration and the temperature of the head pulleys and the gearboxes, the amperage trends of the motors, the thermal imaging of the pulleys and the seals: the handling is the best field of the plant for the condition monitoring because the machines are cheap to instrument and the failures are the direct costs;

The tailoring of the automation and the material flow is the hidden discipline: the plant flow is the network of the interlocks, and the handbook’s automation chapter draws the logic of the start, the stop, the detection and the protection: the flow of the plant to the flow of the control leaves is one and the same flow: the automation chapter teaches the reader to see the plant as the graph of the processes, and the material: the loaders of the graph are the FE the handbook of the second edition.

12. The maintenance of the handling equipment: the wear of the flow

The handling equipment is the wear department of the plant: the abrasion grinds the liners, the belt we minimizes, the chain: the handbook’s the maintenance chapters keep the plant honest:

• The belt monitoring: the belt thickness and the cuts, the tracking (the belt running off the pulleys: the first rule: the misalignment = the damage), the splice inspection (the belt and the connector the joint): the rubber cover life: 3–10 years of the duty: the belt is the biggest cost of the belt line, and its life is protected by the correct alignment and the impact protection;
• The idler life: the idlers the replaceable and cheap: the seized idler: eats the belt: the sluggish idlers and the heavy load: the “idler farm” is the dead: the plant of the 10,000 idlers expects the annual 5–10% replacement, and the idler turnover is the largest single item of the handling budget:
• The preventive calendar: the greasing (the gearboxes, the bearings), the magnetic separation (the metal belt damage: the metal of the crusher’s sleeve must be recovered), the inspections of the chutes and the liners: the plan of the handbook: the monthly walk of the line with the checklists, and the annual the inspection with the vibration and the alignment:
• The power measure: the line drives the measured power: the rising power: the effect and the increased friction: the intuition of the “power per tonne” per line: the trend lights the line-the secretions: the handling energy is measured per material transport, and the power meter of the CEMS is the counselor of the whole plant:

The classic confusion of the handling maintenance: the belt tracking is blamed of the belt when the cause is the pully alignment: the handbook’s the discipline: the measure, the trend, then the repair: the conveyor is the cheapest to observe but the most often reason of the outage, and the maintenance chapters of the second edition give the tables, the tool and the spares: the same habit of the engineers as the steelworks, but for the powder.

13. The worked example: the route of the limestone from the quarry to the raw mill

The handbook closes the handling with the worked route, the whole flow of the material: the example that connects all the machines:

• The quarry: the loaded trucks/the crusher apron: the apron feeder of 2.0 m width, 1,900 t/h of the primary feed at the quarry peak: the limestone crushed at the impact crusher to below 150 mm, delivered by the belt 1: B1: 1,400 mm, 2.8 m/s, 1,700 t/h over the 1.5 km of the length;
• The field and the reclaim: the stacker/reclaimer of the pre: the longitudinal 40,000 t: the prehomogenization of the limestone and the clay jug: the reclaimer: a portal scraper: to the 1,000 t/h belt X back to the mill;
• The raw meal: from the mill to the homogenizing silos: the air slide 1.1 m of the width, 6% slope: 400 t/h of the meal: the hoppers under the silos: the hoppers: the aerations: the feed to the preheater: the elevator at the kiln feed: 280 t/h of the kiln meal over the rise of 60 m
• The clinker: from the cooler: the drag conveyor to the clinker silos, and the second line to the sailing and the cement mills: the cement from the mills: the air slides to the two silo sections: the packer: the small: elevator: the packing line 240 t/h: the bulk loading: the 2,000 t/h rail: the cement;

The result: the flow 1,900 t/h at the quarry, the 300 t/h at the kiln feed, and the 320 t/h of the dispatches measured at the weigh bridges: the whole plant fits on one sheet of the flow, the equipment selection follows the handbook tables and the power: 3–4 kWh per tonne moved is the standard of the efficient plant: the reader who follows the example with the chapter learns to walk any plant from the quarry to the port and to see the machines as the members of one team: the team of the materials.

14. The Frequently Asked Questions

Which conveyor should I choose: belt, bucket elevator or air slide?

The rule of the terrain: the belt for the long and the horizontal runs and the incline up to about 15–20°; the bucket elevator for the vertical rise (30–60 m and more) of the coarse and the fine; the air slide for the horizontal and the gently inclined powder flows; the screw for the short metered and the enclosed runs; the pneumatic where the route cannot be fixed: the distance, the angle, the temperature, the dust limits and the power cost decide the row, and the handbook’s selection matrix asks the five questions and returns the family.

What belt speed and width handle 500 t/h of clinker?

At the 2.5–3 m/s with the clinker density about 1,400 kg/m³, the required belt cross-section is about 0.03–0.04 m², which the table matches to the belt width of 1,000–1,200 mm with the 30-35° trough: the clinker is hot and abrasive: the belt covers the extra rubber, the chutes the liners, and the idlers of the heavy series: the handbook’s the capacity tables are designed to give exactly this answer in a minute.

The belt is constantly tracking off the center: what is the usual cause?

The usual cause is not the belt: it is the pulleys and the idlers: the misaligned tail pulley, the tilted idler, the coned belt edge or the false splice: the method: mark the belt run, observe where the run crosses the center, correct the head/tail/change-idler one at a time: the belt tracking is the discipline of the small correction and the observation, and the handling use: the belt that “runs off” is a symptom of a fix that the plant translates.

Why does the air slide block, and how do I fix it?

The air slide blocks when the fluidization stops: the moisture of the air condenses on the cloth and the powder sticks; the cloth is torn or plugged; the air flow is insufficient; the material is too wet: the fixes: the dried air (or the minima), the replacement of the cloth, the above the blower (the air must reach the full width of the plenum, and the aeration must be even: the slide is a discipline of the air, and the results are fast.

What is the power consumption of the materials handling plant?

The typical modern plant spends between 3 and 5 kWh per tonne of the cement on the conveyors, the elevators, the compressors, the feeders and the extraction: the belt conveys the most efficient kW per tonne, the pneumatic the highest (up to 8–15 kWh/t of the air to move the air through the pipes): the energy of the handling is the secondary cost after the grinding, and the handbook’s energy tables let the plant hunt the greatest opportunities.

Are the silo dust filters counted to the mechanical briefing besides their air filters?

The dust from vents and the vent filters are the de facto endings of every handling: the vent filters are the de facto endings of every handling line: the capacity of the cloth on the silo top: each silo must breathe: the air displaced by the filling escapes through the vent filter and the dust stays inside: the silo vent flow equals the filling flow of the aired volume, and the filter is sized on that flow and the silo pressure, which is a calculation of the handling and the filter together.

15. Conclusion

The materials handling: the belts, the elevators, the screws, the slides, the air and the chutes: the equipment that the stone and the powder never stop moving: the handling is half the reliability, the dust control and the energy bill of the plant, and the handling handbook is the reference of that half: the second edition updates the classic with the modern power: the dense phase, the modern dust design, the Excel calculators: the engineer who masters the material flow walks the plant from the quarry gate to the loading spout and sees the flow the way the water engineer sees the river: continuous, and the whole is the sum of the parts: the unity of the flows.

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