To download the below  and all other Useful Books and calculations Excel sheets please click here 

Kiln shell replacement procedures

by Michael Schweinert,
A-C Equipment Services Corp, USA

 

The shell is the driving force behind many of the problems that arise in a kiln and these problems are typically caused by, what are commonly referred to as doglegs and hotspots. Sometimes hotspots are the root cause of a dogleg and other times they are not. Shell irregularities, be it ‘out-of-roundness’ or a crack in the shell, precipitate a wide variety of issues. All of these issues have detrimental effects on the ancillary equipment. They range from cyclically loading rolls and frames causing hot bearings or frame failures, wobble in tyres leading to convex tyres and concave rolls resulting in difficult thrust adjustments and variations in drive loading causing poor gear set contact and other drive equipment issues.

Course of action

Once a shell anomaly is discovered, the course of action is the same. How much shell is needed and where? First, someone with experience in kiln repair should
be consulted and all of the problems identified.

From there a kiln shell run-out analysis will need to be performed. This shell run-out analysis will provide the information to determine which portion of kiln shell should be targeted to remove the detrimental dogleg nodes and shell deformation. With this determined, the kiln shell can be manufactured. New shell options include machined tyre sections, uniform thickness free-floating tyre pads to allow for future tyre gap control, upgraded tyre retainer designs using improved welding procedures and tighter rolling tolerances for better quality refractory installations. After all, what point is there in replacing shell if you are not going to improve longevity and reliability?

Most important in the replacement of the kiln shell is finding someone very experienced and meticulous in the installation. While many companies are able to ‘replace shell’, there are many nuances that must be taken into account for a quality installation.

The kiln shell replacement process can be broken down into the following steps: layout, removal, installation, alignment and welding.

Shell layout

The layout of the kiln shell to be removed is a critical step as it determines the amount of shell to come out, in what sequence and in what sizes. In this step everything from crane capacity and shell section weights and lengths, to cribbing locations and section staging is taken into account. Everything must be properly placed so that the next step, shell removal, goes seamlessly. Once the kiln shell lengths, weights, cribbing and crane requirements are determined, the shell layout can begin. The ultimate goal is to cut the shell, at the proper location, perpendicular to the centreline of the kiln. One of the best ways to do this is to perform a series of stop cuts in the kiln as it is rotating, paying special attention to keep the thrust tyre against the thrust roller and also against the same set of tyre retainers. Once the cuts determining the overall length are complete, a relief cut must be laid out. This is usually 10-12in- wide section on one end and, once removed, will provide some extra room for removing the shell.

Finally, the kiln must be parked and the drive locked out, the support cribbing raised into position, the relief section cut out by hand and the kiln pushed apart by 1-1.5in to allow extra room to get the new shell back in.

Shell removal

With stop cuts in, the cribbing up and the relief section removed, it is time to rig the shell pieces for removal. Typically, a spreader beam is used to provide more leeway and control while removing a section. Under the spreader beam, braided cables can be shackled together through the clearance holes that have been cut in the kiln and reinforced. It is critical that the shell thickness is analysed to make sure that the cables and reinforcing will not tear the shell. The shell is then cut free of the rest of the kiln with the use of torches.

two readings are taken, one at the uphill run-out stand and one at the downhill. The resulting numbers are then taken and laid out on a polar graph. When looking at the magnitude of the run-out on a polar graph, opposite readings will show any corresponding moves. Several of these indications in the same quadrant will warrant a corrective adjustment of the joint. With run-out readings showing no corrective adjustment, the shell and joints are ready for the next step, welding.

This process will be repeated until all of the shell sections have been removed. The final step is to grind the exposed ends of the shell. Since the new joints were cut with a torch, the cutting slag and imperfections need to be ground smooth to provide a good surface to weld to.

Installation and alignment

The installation of the new kiln shell typically occurs in the opposite order of the removal. The shell sections are hoisted ensuring that they are hanging perfectly on the kiln slope – once in location this will provide an even joint to fit. Consideration should also be given to installing the longitudinal seams in adjacent shell sections opposite each other. The kiln shell is held in place by temporary joint hardware and cribbing as required. The joint hardware typically consists of angles and radial adjustment blocks, welded to the shell and threaded through rods and nuts that fit through the angles to adjust and support the shell. Radial shell mismatch is extremely important when fitting the shell using the radial adjustment blocks that were installed in the shell. When new shell
fits to new shell, the inside diameter is typically the same, thus there should be less than a 1/16in mismatch. However, it is not uncommon that the inside of the old shell is corroded. When this is the case,
it is important to ensure the mismatch is very even around the joint and does not vary by more than 1/16in, even if the total mismatch is 1/8in. With the joints aligned, the through rods are used to pull the shell sections together. Tie bars should be installed to lock in the joint alignment attained with the joint hardware and to take up the torsional forces exerted on the joint during rotation. At this point all equipment and material is removed from the inside of the kiln. Run-out stands, fixed location roughly 12in uphill and downhill of each joint are set up. The kiln is rotated and a set of stations, 1-12, laid out on the shell. At each of these stations two readings are taken, one at the uphill run-out stand and one at the downhill. The resulting numbers are then taken and laid out on a polar graph. When looking at the magnitude of the run-out on a polar graph, opposite readings will show any corresponding moves. Several of these indications in the same quadrant will warrant a corrective adjustment of the joint. With run-out readings showing no corrective adjustment, the shell and joints are ready for the next step, welding.

Welding

The shell is typically welded on the outside first. The shell joints are ground so that the mill scale is removed several inches uphill and downhill of the actual joints bevel.
A root pass in the base of the bevels
is welded in by hand with the welder taking care to properly preheat the shell. The remaining outside bevel is welded using the submerged arc welding (SAW) process. SAW is the preferred welding method for the majority of the bevel because of its consistent, superior quality of weld and its very high deposition rate. With the outside bevel complete, the inside joint hardware is back-gouged off, the spots that were welded being ground smooth. The nose of the bevel along with the seal pass is then removed via back- gouging. From there, the welders weld up the back-gouged inside portion of the joint and the shell installation is basically complete. Tyres can then be aligned and retainers welded. Once finished, the gear can be aligned if required.This simple procedure, when carried out completely and properly, will yield the desired result of a once again straight kiln.